{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.aspect-relation","code":"thing-aspect-relation","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/aspect-relation/","name":"aspect","alternateNames":["perfective","perfective aspect","imperfective","imperfective aspect","durative","durative aspect","progressive aspect","inchoative","inchoative aspect","iterative","iterative aspect"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Cross-cutting context","entryKind":"noun.relation","plane":"XCT","domain":["XCT.REL"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{"substance":"abstract","origin":"conceptual","agency":"inert","mobility":"not-applicable","scale":"not-applicable","affordances":["observable"]}},"whatItIs":"In grammar, the category that expresses how an action or state extends over time, such as its beginning, duration, completion or repetition, including perfective, imperfective, progressive, habitual and durative aspects; distinct from tense.","purpose":"Let an agent handle grammatical aspect by language, form and meaning, for learners, linguists and language technology.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Internal time structure of events","Distinct from tense","Grammaticalised differently across languages","Central in Slavic and many other languages"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"form","name":"Form","description":"Which aspect.","layers":[{"id":"identify","name":"Identify","description":"Verb form.","findings":[{"id":"identify-finding","name":"Identify","description":"Aspect identification.","questions":[{"text":"Which aspect does this verb form express?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"In which language?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"versus-tense","name":"Versus tense","description":"Distinction.","findings":[{"id":"versus-tense-finding","name":"Versus tense","description":"Aspect versus tense.","questions":[{"text":"Is the question about aspect or tense?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"How do they combine here?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"languages","name":"Languages","description":"Systems.","layers":[{"id":"system","name":"System","description":"Aspect system.","findings":[{"id":"system-finding","name":"System","description":"Aspect system.","questions":[{"text":"How does this language mark aspect, according to reference grammars?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Are verbs paired perfective and imperfective?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"lexical","name":"Lexical","description":"Aktionsart.","findings":[{"id":"lexical-finding","name":"Lexical","description":"Lexical aspect.","questions":[{"text":"Does the verb meaning itself imply duration or completion?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How does that interact with grammatical aspect?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"learning","name":"Learning","description":"Learners.","layers":[{"id":"choice","name":"Choice","description":"Which form.","findings":[{"id":"choice-finding","name":"Choice","description":"Choosing a form.","questions":[{"text":"Which aspect should be used in this sentence, and why?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What changes if the other is used?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"examples","name":"Examples","description":"Contrasts.","findings":[{"id":"examples-finding","name":"Examples","description":"Contrastive examples.","questions":[{"text":"Which minimal pairs show the difference?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Are they natural?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"technology","name":"Technology","description":"Annotation.","layers":[{"id":"annotation","name":"Annotation","description":"Features.","findings":[{"id":"annotation-finding","name":"Annotation","description":"Annotation.","questions":[{"text":"How is aspect annotated in treebanks?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which feature values are used?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"translation","name":"Translation","description":"Between languages.","findings":[{"id":"translation-finding","name":"Translation","description":"Translation.","questions":[{"text":"How should aspect be rendered when translating?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What nuance may be lost?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain grammatical aspect in a language with examples from reliable grammars.","Translate aspect distinctions faithfully between languages."],"mustNot":["Treat aspect as tense or ignore aspect distinctions in a way that changes meaning.","Present one language's aspect system as universal.","Invent grammatical rules for languages without sources."],"requiresHuman":["Translating legal or medical texts where aspect changes meaning."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Mistranslating aspect can change whether something is completed or ongoing."],"affectedParties":["Language learners","Translators","Readers of translations"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the concept; speech communities shape it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"oewn-13818991-n","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"grammatical category","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"tense","type":"related","note":"related category"},{"target":"inflection and auxiliaries","type":"related","note":"forms"},{"target":"temporal relation","type":"related","note":"meaning"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.aspect-relation","Open English WordNet: oewn-13826881-n"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Perfective and imperfective pairs","Progressive forms such as is running","Tense locates events in time instead","Verb forms and auxiliaries in text and speech."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify aspect in verb forms","distinguish aspect from tense","compare aspect systems across languages","help learners choose the right form"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing aspect with tense","Assuming one language system applies to others"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["UniMorph and Universal Dependencies feature schemes"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Expressing the internal temporal structure of events in language.","perfective aspect","imperfective aspect","progressive aspect","habitual aspect","durative and iterative aspects"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Open English WordNet 2024, synset oewn-13826881-n","url":"https://en-word.net/id/oewn-13826881-n","note":"sense and gloss of the concept"},{"title":"Wiktionary: aspect","url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aspect","note":"word senses and usage"}],"openQuestions":["Should aspects be separate entries?","How should language-specific systems be linked?","How should lexical aspect be distinguished?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-aspect-relation/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-aspect-relation/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T10:55:24Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:27+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: WordNet gloss; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}