{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.expense","code":"thing-expense","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/expense/","name":"expense","alternateNames":["disbursal","disbursement","business expense","trade expense","interest expense","lobbying expense","medical expense","non-cash expense","moving expense","operating expense","operating cost","overhead"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Society, people and institutions","entryKind":"noun.possession","plane":"SOC","domain":["SOC.ECO"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{"substance":"social","origin":"conceptual","agency":"inert","mobility":"not-applicable","scale":"not-applicable","affordances":["observable"]}},"whatItIs":"An amount paid for goods and services used in running a business or household, recorded as a cost in the period incurred and often tax-deductible, as opposed to capital expenditure; examples include business, interest and trade expenses.","purpose":"Let an agent explain expenses factually by type, recognition, documentation and tax treatment, without individual tax advice.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Cost consumed in the period","Reduces profit","Often deductible for tax","Needs documentation"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"classification","name":"Classification","description":"Which expense.","layers":[{"id":"type","name":"Type","description":"Category.","findings":[{"id":"type-finding","name":"Type","description":"Expense type.","questions":[{"text":"What category of expense is it?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is it an expense or capital expenditure?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"period","name":"Period","description":"Timing.","findings":[{"id":"period-finding","name":"Period","description":"Period.","questions":[{"text":"In which period should it be recognised?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is it accrued or prepaid?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"records","name":"Records","description":"Evidence.","layers":[{"id":"receipts","name":"Receipts","description":"Documentation.","findings":[{"id":"receipts-finding","name":"Receipts","description":"Receipts.","questions":[{"text":"Is there a valid receipt or invoice?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How long must it be kept?","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"approval","name":"Approval","description":"Policy.","findings":[{"id":"approval-finding","name":"Approval","description":"Approval.","questions":[{"text":"Was the expense approved under policy?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"By whom?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"tax","name":"Tax","description":"Deductibility.","layers":[{"id":"deductible","name":"Deductible","description":"Rules.","findings":[{"id":"deductible-finding","name":"Deductible","description":"Deductibility.","questions":[{"text":"Is this kind of expense deductible here, in general terms?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Are there limits?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"advice","name":"Advice","description":"Professionals.","findings":[{"id":"advice-finding","name":"Advice","description":"Advice limit.","questions":[{"text":"Is the user asking for advice on their own tax return?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Should an accountant be consulted?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"control","name":"Control","description":"Fraud and accuracy.","layers":[{"id":"checks","name":"Checks","description":"Controls.","findings":[{"id":"checks-finding","name":"Checks","description":"Controls.","questions":[{"text":"Which controls detect duplicate or false claims?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Are they tested?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"reporting","name":"Reporting","description":"Accounts.","findings":[{"id":"reporting-finding","name":"Reporting","description":"Reporting.","questions":[{"text":"How are expenses shown in the accounts?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Under which standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Record and categorise expenses from receipts the user provides.","Summarise spending for a household or business on request."],"mustNot":["Record a personal expense as a business expense to reduce tax.","Create, alter or inflate receipts or claims.","Make payments on someone's behalf without their decision.","Share a person's spending data without consent."],"requiresHuman":["Approving expense claims or reimbursements.","Filing tax returns that include expenses."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Expense fraud and false deductions shift costs to others.","Spending records reveal private habits and circumstances."],"affectedParties":["Households and businesses","Employers and tax authorities"]},"owners":{"steward":"The person or business that incurs it; tax authorities set the rules on deductions.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"oewn-13296870-n","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"cost","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"capital expenditure","type":"related","note":"accounting"},{"target":"income statement","type":"related","note":"report"},{"target":"taxable profit","type":"related","note":"effect"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.expense","Open English WordNet: oewn-13296518-n"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Expense categories in accounts","Expense claims and receipts","Capital expenditure is recorded differently","Receipts, invoices and expense lines in accounts."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["classify expenses","keep receipts and records","distinguish expense from capital expenditure","follow expense policies"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Missing receipts","Misclassifying capital items","Expense fraud"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["IFRS and national accounting standards","Tax rules on deductibility","Record-keeping requirements"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Recording costs and calculating profit.","operating expenses","interest expenses","employee expense claims","trade and business expenses","lobbying and other regulated expenses"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Open English WordNet 2024, synset oewn-13296518-n","url":"https://en-word.net/id/oewn-13296518-n","note":"sense and gloss of the concept"},{"title":"Wiktionary: expense","url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/expense","note":"word senses and usage"}],"openQuestions":["Should expense types be separate entries?","How should tax rules be localised?","How should expense policies be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-expense/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-expense/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T08:23:29Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:27+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: WordNet gloss; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane SOC: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}