{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.investment","code":"thing-investment","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/investment/","name":"investment","alternateNames":["investment funds","speculation","venture","gamble","smart money","pyramid","stake","stakes","bet","wager","pot","jackpot"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Society, people and institutions","entryKind":"noun.possession","plane":"SOC","domain":["SOC.ECO"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{"substance":"social","origin":"conceptual","agency":"inert","mobility":"not-applicable","scale":"not-applicable","affordances":["observable"]}},"whatItIs":"Money committed with an expectation of profit or income, such as investments in shares, bonds, funds, property or ventures; speculation carries higher risk, and schemes promising guaranteed high returns, such as pyramid schemes, are fraudulent.","purpose":"Let an agent explain investments factually by type, risk, costs and investor protection, warn about scams, and refer to regulated advisers, without personal investment advice.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Expectation of return","Risk of loss","Costs reduce returns","Regulated investor protection"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"types","name":"Types","description":"Which investment.","layers":[{"id":"asset","name":"Asset class","description":"Kind.","findings":[{"id":"asset-finding","name":"Asset","description":"Investment type.","questions":[{"text":"What type of investment is it?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How does it generally work?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"risk","name":"Risk","description":"Potential loss.","findings":[{"id":"risk-finding","name":"Risk","description":"Risk.","questions":[{"text":"What are the main risks, including losing money?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What does the key information document say?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"protection","name":"Protection","description":"Regulation.","layers":[{"id":"authorised","name":"Authorised firms","description":"Registers.","findings":[{"id":"authorised-finding","name":"Authorised","description":"Firm authorisation.","questions":[{"text":"Is the firm authorised by the financial regulator?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How can that be checked on the official register?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"compensation","name":"Compensation","description":"Schemes.","findings":[{"id":"compensation-finding","name":"Compensation","description":"Compensation schemes.","questions":[{"text":"Is the investment covered by a compensation scheme?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Up to what amount?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"scams","name":"Scams","description":"Fraud.","layers":[{"id":"red-flags","name":"Red flags","description":"Warning signs.","findings":[{"id":"red-flags-finding","name":"Red flags","description":"Scam warning signs.","questions":[{"text":"Are there red flags such as guaranteed high returns, pressure or recruitment rewards?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Is it on a regulator warning list?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"report","name":"Report","description":"Help.","findings":[{"id":"report-finding","name":"Report","description":"Reporting.","questions":[{"text":"Where can suspected investment fraud be reported?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What should a victim do now?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"limits","name":"Limits","description":"No personal advice.","layers":[{"id":"advice","name":"Advice","description":"Boundary.","findings":[{"id":"advice-finding","name":"Advice","description":"Advice limit.","questions":[{"text":"Is the user asking what they personally should invest in?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"How should the agent refer them to a regulated adviser?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"costs","name":"Costs","description":"Fees.","findings":[{"id":"costs-finding","name":"Costs","description":"Costs.","questions":[{"text":"What fees and charges apply, in general terms?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Where are they disclosed?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain kinds of investment and their risks in general terms.","Report the value of holdings from statements the user provides."],"mustNot":["Give personalised investment advice or recommend specific trades.","Buy, sell or transfer investments on someone's behalf.","Present speculation as safe or promise returns.","Promote schemes showing signs of fraud, such as guaranteed high returns."],"requiresHuman":["Any investment decision or transaction."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Investment fraud and mis-selling destroy savings, often of older people.","Investment can fund harm or good; investors may care where their money goes."],"affectedParties":["Investors and savers","Older and inexperienced investors","Businesses seeking capital"]},"owners":{"steward":"The investor who owns it; financial regulators oversee advisers and markets.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Regulators' registers of authorised firms"]},"relations":[{"target":"oewn-13350663-n","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"use of money","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"bond and security","type":"related","note":"instruments"},{"target":"financial regulator","type":"related","note":"oversight"},{"target":"Ponzi and pyramid scheme","type":"related","note":"fraud"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.investment","Open English WordNet: oewn-13354252-n"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Asset classes such as shares, bonds, funds","Key information documents","Red flags such as guaranteed high returns","Accounts, statements, fund documents and contracts."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["understand investment types and risks","check whether a firm is authorised","recognise investment scams","find regulated advice"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Investment fraud and pyramid schemes","Unsuitable high-risk products","Agents giving personal investment advice"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["EU MiFID II investor protection","PRIIPs key information documents","National financial regulators and compensation schemes"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Growing or preserving wealth and funding enterprises.","equities","bonds and fixed income","funds and ETFs","property","venture and speculative investments"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Open English WordNet 2024, synset oewn-13354252-n","url":"https://en-word.net/id/oewn-13354252-n","note":"sense and gloss of the concept"},{"title":"Wiktionary: investment","url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/investment","note":"word senses and usage"}],"openQuestions":["Should asset classes be separate entries?","How should regulator registers be linked?","How should scam warnings be kept current?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-investment/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-investment/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T08:23:29Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:27+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: WordNet gloss; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane SOC: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}