{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.ownership","code":"thing-ownership","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/ownership/","name":"ownership","alternateNames":["severalty","property right","public domain","proprietorship","proprietary","employee ownership","landholding","stockholding","accession"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Society, people and institutions","entryKind":"noun.possession","plane":"SOC","domain":["SOC.ECO"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{"substance":"social","origin":"conceptual","agency":"inert","mobility":"not-applicable","scale":"not-applicable","affordances":["observable"]}},"whatItIs":"The relation of an owner to the thing possessed: possession together with the rights to use, exclude others, and transfer, held individually, jointly, collectively or publicly.","purpose":"Let an agent handle ownership by object, owner, form, evidence and transfer, without giving legal advice on specific cases.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Bundle of rights over a thing","Distinct from mere possession","Forms vary","Evidenced by records"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"object","name":"Object","description":"What is owned.","layers":[{"id":"thing","name":"Thing","description":"Land, goods, shares.","findings":[{"id":"thing-finding","name":"Thing","description":"Owned thing.","questions":[{"text":"What is owned: land, goods, shares or intellectual property?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which law applies?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"form","name":"Form","description":"Sole or joint.","findings":[{"id":"form-finding","name":"Form","description":"Form of ownership.","questions":[{"text":"Is ownership sole, joint or collective?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What shares do owners hold?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence","name":"Evidence","description":"Proof.","layers":[{"id":"records","name":"Records","description":"Registers.","findings":[{"id":"records-finding","name":"Records","description":"Records.","questions":[{"text":"Which register or document proves ownership?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is it current?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"beneficial","name":"Beneficial owner","description":"Real control.","findings":[{"id":"beneficial-finding","name":"Beneficial","description":"Beneficial ownership.","questions":[{"text":"Who is the beneficial owner?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is it disclosed as required?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"transfer","name":"Transfer","description":"Changing owners.","layers":[{"id":"methods","name":"Methods","description":"Sale, gift, inheritance.","findings":[{"id":"methods-finding","name":"Methods","description":"Transfer methods.","questions":[{"text":"How is ownership transferred for this kind of thing?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What formalities apply?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"taxes","name":"Taxes","description":"Transfer taxes.","findings":[{"id":"taxes-finding","name":"Taxes","description":"Transfer taxes.","questions":[{"text":"Which taxes apply to the transfer?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Who should advise?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"limits","name":"Limits","description":"No legal advice.","layers":[{"id":"advice","name":"Advice","description":"Boundary.","findings":[{"id":"advice-finding","name":"Advice","description":"Advice limit.","questions":[{"text":"Is the user asking about a specific dispute?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"How should the agent refer them?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"public","name":"Public domain","description":"Unowned works.","findings":[{"id":"public-finding","name":"Public","description":"Public domain.","questions":[{"text":"Is the item in the public domain?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"In which jurisdictions?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain forms of ownership and the rights they carry in general terms.","Look up recorded ownership in registers it is allowed to query."],"mustNot":["Change or transfer ownership records without the owner's authority or a lawful order.","Treat possession as proof of ownership when evidence says otherwise.","Disclose an owner's identity or holdings beyond what the law makes public.","Help take property from its owner by deception or force."],"requiresHuman":["Any transfer, mortgage or abandonment of property.","Resolving a dispute over who owns something."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Ownership rules decide who can live, work and profit; unfair rules entrench inequality.","Collective and indigenous forms of ownership are often ignored by individual-title systems."],"affectedParties":["Owners and co-owners","People who use or occupy property","Communities with customary rights"]},"owners":{"steward":"The owner holds it; the state recognises and enforces it through courts and registries.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Land registries and cadastres","Company and share registers","Vehicle registers"]},"relations":[{"target":"oewn-00032220-n","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"legal relation","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"property right","type":"related","note":"law"},{"target":"land register","type":"related","note":"records"},{"target":"possession","type":"related","note":"fact of control"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.ownership","Open English WordNet: oewn-13261412-n"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Title deeds and registers","Forms such as sole or joint ownership","Public domain means no private ownership","Not visible; recorded in titles, registers, receipts and share registers."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["prove ownership with records","transfer by sale, gift or inheritance","register ownership of land and vehicles","share ownership in companies or cooperatives"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Disputes without records","Hidden beneficial ownership","Agents giving legal advice"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Property law","Land registration law","Beneficial ownership registers"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Allocating control and benefit of property.","sole ownership","joint and co-ownership","corporate and shareholder ownership","public and collective ownership","employee ownership"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Open English WordNet 2024, synset oewn-13261412-n","url":"https://en-word.net/id/oewn-13261412-n","note":"sense and gloss of the concept"},{"title":"Wiktionary: ownership","url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ownership","note":"word senses and usage"}],"openQuestions":["Should forms of ownership be separate entries?","How should registers be linked?","How should public domain be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-ownership/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-ownership/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T07:21:51Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:28+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: WordNet gloss; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane SOC: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}