{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.judiciary","code":"thing-q105985","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q105985/","name":"judiciary","alternateNames":["judicial authorities of mainland China","Judiciary of the Netherlands","Judiciary of Niger","international justice","Constitutional Court of Malta","Slavic law","judicial system of Finland","Landraad","Judiciary of Sierra Leone","Judiciary of Zambia","Supreme Court","judiciary of Belgium"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Society, people and institutions","entryKind":"thing","plane":"SOC","domain":["SOC.ORG"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The system of courts and judges that interprets and applies the law, resolves disputes and reviews the lawfulness of public action within a state or international order, structured into levels such as trial, appellate and supreme or constitutional courts, and varying across countries from the Netherlands and Niger to Malta and mainland China; the judiciary is one of the branches of government, its independence is a principle of the rule of law, and international courts form a judiciary of international justice.","purpose":"Let an agent explain judiciaries and their structures, identify the courts of a country with sources, describe judicial independence and appointment, and present debates about judiciaries with attribution.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Adjudication","Hierarchy of courts","Independence principle","National variation"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What a judiciary is.","layers":[{"id":"structure","name":"Structure","description":"Structure and levels.","findings":[{"id":"structure-finding","name":"Structure","description":"Structure.","questions":[{"text":"How are judiciaries structured into trial, appellate and supreme or constitutional courts, and how do common and civil law systems differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific court?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"country","name":"Country","description":"Judiciary of a country.","findings":[{"id":"country-finding","name":"Country","description":"By country.","questions":[{"text":"How is the judiciary of this country organised, according to official and scholarly sources?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral where the judiciary is contested?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"principles","name":"Principles","description":"Independence and appointment.","layers":[{"id":"independence","name":"Independence","description":"Judicial independence.","findings":[{"id":"independence-finding","name":"Independence","description":"Independence.","questions":[{"text":"What does judicial independence mean, how is it protected, and how is it assessed by international bodies?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which debates exist about judicial reform, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"judges","name":"Judges","description":"Appointment and conduct.","findings":[{"id":"judges-finding","name":"Judges","description":"Judges.","questions":[{"text":"How are judges appointed, trained, disciplined and removed in different systems?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits judges as a profession?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Using the courts.","layers":[{"id":"access","name":"Access","description":"Access to justice.","findings":[{"id":"access-finding","name":"Access","description":"Access.","questions":[{"text":"How can people access the courts here, and what legal aid and self-representation options exist?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is legal advice needed from a professional?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"international","name":"International","description":"International justice.","findings":[{"id":"international-finding","name":"International","description":"International.","questions":[{"text":"What are the international courts and tribunals, and what is their jurisdiction?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific international court?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"History and teaching.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History of judiciaries.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did judiciaries develop as separate branches of government, according to legal historians?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can court systems be taught in civic and legal education?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Report court structures, judgments and judicial appointments from official sources.","Explain in general terms how courts and appeals work in a given jurisdiction."],"mustNot":["Impersonate a court, judge or court officer.","Help intimidate, threaten or improperly influence judges, jurors or witnesses.","Misreport a judgment or present a pending case as decided.","Give personal legal advice on a case before the courts."],"requiresHuman":["Filing documents with a court on someone's behalf."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["An independent judiciary protects rights; attacks on it undermine everyone's protection.","Court delays and costs keep justice out of reach for many people."],"affectedParties":["Litigants and accused persons","Judges and court staff","The public"]},"owners":{"steward":"The state, under its constitution; judicial councils oversee the courts.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Court records and law reports"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q4383245","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"public authority","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"magistrate","type":"related","note":"judicial officers"},{"target":"administrative territorial entity of Poland","type":"related","note":"jurisdictions"},{"target":"confidential adviser-advisee relation","type":"related","note":"legal privilege"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.judiciary","Wikidata: Q105985 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105985)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Courts and judges applying law","Branch of government","The legislature makes law; the executive administers","Not physical as a system; courts, judges and buildings."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain structures","identify courts of a country","describe independence and appointment","present debates with attribution"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Political interference","Delays and access barriers","Partisan presentation of judicial disputes"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Constitutions and judicial organisation laws","International principles on judicial independence","Codes of judicial conduct"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["The court system of a state.","common law judiciaries","civil law judiciaries","constitutional and supreme courts","religious and customary courts","international courts and tribunals"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q105985: judiciary","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105985","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should each national judiciary be a separate entry?","How should court databases be linked?","How should independence assessments be attributed?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q105985/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q105985/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T00:11:07Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:53+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane SOC: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}