{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.ruthenium","code":"thing-q1086","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1086/","name":"ruthenium","alternateNames":["ruthenium (native)","ruthenium-101","ruthenium-87","ruthenium-88","ruthenium-89","ruthenium-90","ruthenium-91","ruthenium-91m","ruthenium-92","ruthenium-93","ruthenium-93m1","ruthenium-93m2"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44, a hard, rare, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, found native and in platinum ores and recovered as a by-product of nickel and platinum refining; ruthenium is used to harden platinum and palladium alloys, in electrical contacts, hard disk media, chip resistors, electrochemical anodes and catalysts, and has seven stable isotopes.","purpose":"Let an agent identify ruthenium and its properties, relay production, uses, isotopes and history from reference sources, relay safety information, and distinguish it from other platinum group metals.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Platinum group","Hard and inert","Many oxidation states","Volatile toxic tetroxide"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"identify","name":"Identify","description":"What ruthenium is.","layers":[{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","findings":[{"id":"properties-finding","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","questions":[{"text":"What are the physical and chemical properties of ruthenium?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about ruthenium or another platinum group metal?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"isotopes","name":"Isotopes","description":"Isotopes.","findings":[{"id":"isotopes-finding","name":"Isotopes","description":"Isotopes.","questions":[{"text":"Which isotopes exist, and why is ruthenium-106 monitored?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific isotope?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"source","name":"Source","description":"Occurrence and production.","layers":[{"id":"occurrence","name":"Occurrence","description":"Occurrence.","findings":[{"id":"occurrence-finding","name":"Occurrence","description":"Occurrence.","questions":[{"text":"Where does ruthenium occur, and how is it recovered from platinum and nickel ores?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits platinum group metal mining?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"supply","name":"Supply","description":"Supply.","findings":[{"id":"supply-finding","name":"Supply","description":"Supply.","questions":[{"text":"Who produces ruthenium, and how is it traded, with sources?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Uses and safety.","layers":[{"id":"uses","name":"Uses","description":"Uses.","findings":[{"id":"uses-finding","name":"Uses","description":"Uses.","questions":[{"text":"How is ruthenium used in alloys, electronics, catalysts and electrochemical anodes?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific application?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"safety","name":"Safety","description":"Safety.","findings":[{"id":"safety-finding","name":"Safety","description":"Safety.","questions":[{"text":"What hazards does ruthenium present, especially the tetroxide?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the user asking about a personal exposure, which needs a clinician or poison centre?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History.","layers":[{"id":"discovery","name":"Discovery","description":"Discovery.","findings":[{"id":"discovery-finding","name":"Discovery","description":"Discovery.","questions":[{"text":"How was ruthenium identified by Klaus in 1844, and how was it named?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"research","name":"Research","description":"Research.","findings":[{"id":"research-finding","name":"Research","description":"Research.","questions":[{"text":"What research uses ruthenium complexes, such as in catalysis and photochemistry?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits organometallic chemistry?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain ruthenium's properties and its uses in electronics, catalysts and wear-resistant alloys.","Report on ruthenium supply and its recovery as a by-product of platinum and nickel refining, with sources.","Describe documented releases of ruthenium-106 as reported by radiation monitoring bodies."],"mustNot":["Give guidance on producing or handling ruthenium tetroxide outside a properly equipped laboratory.","Speculate about the source of a radioactive release as if it were established.","Recommend disposal of ruthenium compounds or catalysts in ordinary waste.","Present ruthenium compounds as safe medicines beyond what trials have shown."],"requiresHuman":["Public statements attributing a radioactive release to a specific facility or state.","Decisions about laboratory work with volatile ruthenium compounds."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Volatile ruthenium compounds are toxic, so handling advice must not be casual.","Attributing radioactive releases without evidence can inflame international disputes."],"affectedParties":["Laboratory and refinery workers","People near nuclear facilities","Public relying on monitoring data"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the element; refiners, laboratories and nuclear operators answer for what they hold.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q223995","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"platinum group metal","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"transition metal","type":"related","note":"group 8"},{"target":"technetium","type":"related","note":"element 43"},{"target":"rhodium","type":"related","note":"element 45"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.ruthenium","Wikidata: Q1086 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1086)","symbol: Ru","CAS: 7440-18-8"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["atomic number: 44 Z","standard atomic weight: 101.07 u","melting point: 2334 degrees C","density: 12.45 g/cm3"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Element 44, symbol Ru","Platinum group metal","Rhodium and osmium are related platinum group metals","A hard, brittle, silvery-white metal."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["relay properties and isotopes","explain production and uses","relay safety information","distinguish from other platinum group metals"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Toxicity and volatility of ruthenium tetroxide","Supply concentration","Ru-106 releases from nuclear activities"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Chemical safety data sheets, especially for ruthenium tetroxide","Precious metal trade rules","Radiation rules for ruthenium-106"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Alloys, electronics, catalysts and electrochemistry.","ruthenium metal and native ruthenium","ruthenium compounds such as the dioxide and tetroxide","isotopes from ruthenium-87 to ruthenium-124, with seven stable and Ru-106 a fission product","ruthenium in catalysts and electronics"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1086: ruthenium","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1086","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Ruthenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should isotopes be separate entries?","How should reference data be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming isotopes and the native mineral; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1086/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1086/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T23:27:52Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:53+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}