{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.biological-selection","code":"thing-q1094654","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1094654/","name":"biological selection","alternateNames":["selective breeding","animal inbreeding","frequency-dependent selection","background selection","balancing selection","heterozygote advantage"],"kind":"thing","status":"research-draft","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.PRC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"An evolutionary process in which some individuals or variants leave more offspring than others because of their traits, whether through natural selection by environment, sexual selection by mate choice, or artificial selection by humans through selective breeding of plants and animals, in modes such as directional, stabilising, disruptive, balancing and frequency-dependent selection, background selection and heterozygote advantage; selection changes allele frequencies over generations and is the central mechanism of adaptation.","purpose":"Let an agent explain biological selection and its modes and mechanisms, distinguish natural, sexual and artificial selection, describe evidence and applications in breeding and medicine, and support learning in evolutionary biology.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Trait-based differential reproduction","Changes allele frequencies","Multiple modes","Applied in breeding"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What selection is.","layers":[{"id":"concept","name":"Concept","description":"Concept and kinds.","findings":[{"id":"concept-finding","name":"Concept","description":"Concept.","questions":[{"text":"What is selection, and how do natural, sexual and artificial selection differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which kind of selection is meant?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"modes","name":"Modes","description":"Modes.","findings":[{"id":"modes-finding","name":"Modes","description":"Modes.","questions":[{"text":"What are directional, stabilising, disruptive, balancing, frequency-dependent and background selection?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits population genetics?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence","name":"Evidence","description":"Evidence and measurement.","layers":[{"id":"evidence","name":"Evidence","description":"Evidence.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-finding","name":"Evidence","description":"Evidence.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence from field studies, experiments and genomes demonstrates selection?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which findings are contested?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"measure","name":"Measure","description":"Measuring selection.","findings":[{"id":"measure-finding","name":"Measure","description":"Measurement.","questions":[{"text":"How are selection strength and fitness measured?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which entry fits fitness?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"apply","name":"Apply","description":"Applications.","layers":[{"id":"breeding","name":"Breeding","description":"Selective breeding.","findings":[{"id":"breeding-finding","name":"Breeding","description":"Breeding.","questions":[{"text":"How is selective breeding practised in agriculture, and what are the risks of inbreeding?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits animal breeding?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"medicine","name":"Medicine","description":"Medicine.","findings":[{"id":"medicine-finding","name":"Medicine","description":"Medicine.","questions":[{"text":"How does selection drive antibiotic resistance, cancer evolution and pathogen change?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits antimicrobial resistance?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"History and teaching.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did Darwin, Wallace and later biologists develop the theory of selection?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can selection be taught while avoiding misuse and misconceptions?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain natural, sexual and artificial selection and their modes.","Describe the evidence for selection with sources.","Distinguish selection from genetic drift and other evolutionary processes."],"mustNot":["Use selection to justify eugenics, racism or ranking human groups.","Present selection as purposeful or as progress toward a goal.","Advise breeding practices that cause suffering or inbreeding in animals.","Misrepresent scientific consensus on evolution."],"requiresHuman":["Planning a breeding programme for animals or plants."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Ideas of selection were misused to justify eugenics and atrocities.","Artificial selection shapes animals' health and welfare."],"affectedParties":["Groups targeted by eugenic ideas","Bred animals","Students of biology"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: a biological concept held in common.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q18054608","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"evolutionary process","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"GMO","type":"related","note":"engineered alternatives to breeding"},{"target":"horizontal gene transfer","type":"related","note":"another source of variation"},{"target":"sex-determination system","type":"related","note":"traits under selection"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.biological-selection","Wikidata: Q1094654 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094654)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Differential survival and reproduction by trait","Natural, sexual, artificial; directional, stabilising, balancing","Genetic drift is random change; mutation creates variation; inheritance transmits it","Not physical; a process observed over generations."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain modes and mechanisms","distinguish kinds of selection","describe evidence and applications","support learning"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Misusing selection to justify social claims","Confusing selection with drift","Inbreeding depression in breeding programmes"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Animal breeding and welfare regulations","Plant variety registration","No regulation of the natural process"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Differential reproduction shaping populations.","natural selection","sexual selection","artificial selection and selective breeding","balancing and frequency-dependent selection","background selection and linked effects"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1094654: biological selection","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094654","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia (de): Selektion (Evolution)","url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selektion_%28Evolution%29","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should natural and artificial selection be separate entries?","How should textbooks be linked?","How should breeding resources be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1094654/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1094654/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T05:41:24Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}