{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.noise","code":"thing-q11306265","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11306265/","name":"noise","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"research-draft","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"","entryKind":"","plane":"","domain":["XCT.QLT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"In the sense recorded here, random fluctuation in a signal, measurement or image that carries no information about the quantity of interest, modelled as a stochastic process; noise arises from physical sources such as photon shot noise, thermal and dark current noise and readout electronics, and from biological and technical variability, and is characterised by its spectrum and statistics and reduced by filtering, averaging and better instruments.","purpose":"Let an agent explain noise as random fluctuation in signals and images, identify its sources and statistical models, relay methods for measuring and reducing it, and distinguish this sense from acoustic noise and from interference.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Random and uninformative","Physical and statistical sources","Spectral colours such as white and pink","Reducible but not removable"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"concept","name":"Concept","description":"What noise is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition and kinds.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is noise in this sense, and what kinds and sources exist?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about random noise, acoustic noise or interference?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"models","name":"Models","description":"Statistical models.","findings":[{"id":"models-finding","name":"Models","description":"Models.","questions":[{"text":"How are noise sources modelled, from Poisson shot noise to Gaussian thermal noise?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific noise source?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"measure","name":"Measure","description":"Measuring noise.","layers":[{"id":"snr","name":"SNR","description":"Signal-to-noise ratio.","findings":[{"id":"snr-finding","name":"SNR","description":"SNR.","questions":[{"text":"How are signal-to-noise ratio, noise figure and noise spectra measured?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What is the result for the system in question?","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"colours","name":"Colours","description":"Noise colours.","findings":[{"id":"colours-finding","name":"Colours","description":"Colours.","questions":[{"text":"What are white, pink and other coloured noises, and where do they arise?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits colours of noise?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"reduce","name":"Reduce","description":"Reducing noise.","layers":[{"id":"methods","name":"Methods","description":"Methods.","findings":[{"id":"methods-finding","name":"Methods","description":"Methods.","questions":[{"text":"How is noise reduced by averaging, filtering, cooling and better design?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"limits","name":"Limits","description":"Fundamental limits.","findings":[{"id":"limits-finding","name":"Limits","description":"Limits.","questions":[{"text":"What noise is fundamental, and how do quantum limits constrain measurement?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits quantum noise?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"fields","name":"Fields","description":"Noise across fields.","layers":[{"id":"imaging","name":"Imaging","description":"Imaging.","findings":[{"id":"imaging-finding","name":"Imaging","description":"Imaging.","questions":[{"text":"How does noise affect photography, astronomy and medical imaging?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits image noise?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"biology","name":"Biology","description":"Biological noise.","findings":[{"id":"biology-finding","name":"Biology","description":"Biology.","questions":[{"text":"What are intrinsic and technical noise in biological measurements such as gene expression?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits cellular noise?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["explain sources and models","relay measurement such as signal-to-noise ratio","relay reduction methods","distinguish from acoustic noise and interference"],"mustNot":[],"requiresHuman":[]},"ethics":{"considerations":[],"affectedParties":[]},"owners":{"steward":"","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"stochastic process","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"signal-to-noise ratio","type":"related","note":"the standard metric"},{"target":"acoustic noise","type":"related","note":"unwanted sound"},{"target":"filter","type":"related","note":"and averaging"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":[]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["shot noise: Poisson statistics model - variance equals mean count","thermal noise power: kTB formula - Johnson-Nyquist"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Random fluctuation without information","Characterised by spectrum and distribution","Acoustic noise is unwanted sound; interference is structured, not random","Grain or speckle in images, hiss in audio, jitter in traces."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain sources and models","relay measurement such as signal-to-noise ratio","relay reduction methods","distinguish from acoustic noise and interference"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Mistaking noise for signal","Over-filtering that removes signal","Sense confusion with acoustic noise"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Measurement standards for noise figures and image sensor noise","ISO 15739 for image sensor noise"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Not applicable; an unwanted random component.","photon shot noise","thermal and dark current noise","readout and quantisation noise","image noise","intrinsic and technical noise in biological measurements","white, pink and other coloured noise"]}},"sources":[],"openQuestions":["Should image noise and each physical source be separate entries?","How should measurement standards be linked?","How should the acoustic sense be cross-referenced?","Which entry fits the specific noise source?","How are signal-to-noise ratio, noise figure and noise spectra measured?","Which entry fits colours of noise?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q11306265/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q11306265/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T22:30:46Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"derived","ethics":"missing","owners":"missing","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"missing","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"missing"},"notes":{"agentConduct":"Affordances listed as what may be done; prohibitions collected from the text.","interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties.","sources":"Written from model knowledge without web access; claims are unverified."},"score":0.719}}