{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.magnet","code":"thing-q11421","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11421/","name":"magnet","alternateNames":["two-dimensional magnet","magnetic storage","magnetic storage card","magnetic particle","fishing magnet","magnetic needle","amorphous magnet","horseshoe magnet","split magnet","electromagnet","cow magnet","permanent magnet"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.5","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A material or object that produces a magnetic field; permanent magnets keep their magnetisation without external power, while electromagnets produce a field only when current flows.","purpose":"Let an agent describe magnets by kind, material, strength and use, and point to safety warnings and standards.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Permanent magnets use magnetically hard ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials.","Rare-earth magnets (NdFeB, SmCo) generally have higher maximum energy products than ferrite or alnico; compare grades and geometry, and tell material remanence from the field at a point and holding force.","Heat above the Curie temperature removes permanent magnetisation."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"kind","name":"Kind","description":"What magnet.","layers":[{"id":"type","name":"Type","description":"Permanent or electromagnet.","findings":[{"id":"magnet-type","name":"Magnet type","description":"Type.","questions":[{"text":"Is it a permanent magnet or an electromagnet?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What is it used for?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"material","name":"Material","description":"Material and grade.","findings":[{"id":"material","name":"Material","description":"Material and grade.","questions":[{"text":"Which material and grade?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is it coated?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"Strength and limits.","layers":[{"id":"magnetic-properties","name":"Magnetic properties","description":"Remanence, coercivity, energy product.","findings":[{"id":"magnetic-data","name":"Magnetic data","description":"Values.","questions":[{"text":"What are its remanence and coercivity?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"From which data sheet?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"temperature","name":"Temperature","description":"Operating limits.","findings":[{"id":"temperature-limit","name":"Temperature limit","description":"Value.","questions":[{"text":"What is the maximum operating temperature?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What is the Curie temperature?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"safety","name":"Safety","description":"Hazards.","layers":[{"id":"ingestion","name":"Ingestion","description":"Swallowing risk.","findings":[{"id":"ingestion-risk","name":"Ingestion risk","description":"Warnings.","questions":[{"text":"Does it carry a swallowing warning?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is it allowed in toys?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"implants-and-devices","name":"Implants and devices","description":"Interference.","findings":[{"id":"interference","name":"Interference","description":"Distance and devices.","questions":[{"text":"What distance from implants is advised, by whom?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which devices are affected?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Applications.","layers":[{"id":"applications","name":"Applications","description":"Motors, sensors, holding.","findings":[{"id":"application","name":"Application","description":"Device and role.","questions":[{"text":"In which device is it used?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What role does it play?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"end-of-life","name":"End of life","description":"Recycling.","findings":[{"id":"recycling","name":"Recycling","description":"Route.","questions":[{"text":"Can it be recycled?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How are rare earths recovered?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["describe magnets and safety warnings"],"mustNot":["downplay the danger of swallowed magnets","advise on medical implants without clinicians"],"requiresHuman":["any suspected magnet ingestion, which needs emergency care"]},"ethics":{"considerations":["child safety","rare earth supply chains"],"affectedParties":["children","workers"]},"owners":{"steward":"the owner of the object","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q214609","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q223557","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"magnetic field","type":"related","note":"physics"},{"target":"magnetically hard material","type":"related","note":"ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic"},{"target":"electric motor","type":"related","note":"application"},{"target":"magnetic storage","type":"related","note":"use of magnetised media"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.magnet","Wikidata: Q11421 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421)","magnet grade: for example N42 or Y30 material grade codes"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["remanence of NdFeB magnets: about 1.0-1.5 T - sintered grades","remanence of ferrite magnets: about 0.2-0.45 T"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Attracts iron objects","Coils of wire on a core for electromagnets","Pieces of metal or ceramic of various shapes; electromagnets are current-carrying windings, with or without a magnetic core."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify the kind and material","explain grades and strength","explain safety hazards","explain applications"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Swallowed magnets can cause intestinal perforation, especially in children","Pinching injuries from strong magnets","Interference with pacemakers and implants","Quench of superconducting magnets: heating and sudden release of stored energy","Demagnetisation by heat"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["IEC 60404-8-1 specifications for magnetically hard materials","EN 71-1 and ASTM F963 toy safety requirements on magnets","US 16 CFR Part 1262, safety standard for small high-powered magnets in consumer products"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Motors, generators, sensors, data storage, medical imaging, lifting, holding and many consumer products.","neodymium (NdFeB) magnets","samarium-cobalt magnets","ferrite (ceramic) magnets","alnico magnets","flexible magnets","electromagnets","electropermanent magnets","superconducting magnets","fishing and lifting magnets"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Q11421","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","note":"identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks"},{"title":"Magnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet","note":"general description of the subject"},{"title":"Coercivity and Remanence in Permanent Magnets","url":"https://hyperphysics.gsu.edu/hbase/Solids/magperm.html","note":"Material comparisons, remanence, coercivity and maximum energy product."},{"title":"IEC 60404-8-1:2023","url":"https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/68440","note":"Permanent-magnet material specifications and material families."},{"title":"Safeguarding the superconducting magnets","url":"https://cern-courier.web.cern.ch/a/safeguarding-the-superconducting-magnets/","note":"Superconducting magnet operation and quench hazards."},{"title":"New Magnets Safety Rule","url":"https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/MagnetsSafetyRule.pdf","note":"16 CFR Part 1262 and its limited consumer-product scope."},{"title":"Magnets in Cell Phones and Smart Watches May Affect Pacemakers and Other Implanted Medical Devices","url":"https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/cell-phones/magnets-cell-phones-and-smart-watches-may-affect-pacemakers-and-other-implanted-medical-devices","note":"Magnetic interference with implanted medical devices."},{"title":"Electropermanent magnetic connectors and actuators","url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/entities/publication/d65bb0a6-f490-40ba-b1dd-100bb2bfa0d8","note":"Electropermanent magnets and retention of a switched magnetic state."}],"openQuestions":["The registry merges magnetic storage and magnetic cards; they need registry corrections."],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q11421/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q11421/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-10-21T20:28:28Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-21T20:32:13+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 7 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}