{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.steel","code":"thing-q11427","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11427/","name":"steel","alternateNames":["steadite","alloy steel","dual-phase steel","Maraging steel","Microalloyed steel","chromium-vanadium steel","low-alloy steel","high-alloy steel","41xx steel","sheet steel","Europa-Profil I","manganese steel"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"An alloy of iron with a small amount of carbon and often other elements, produced by refining iron and adjusting composition, in grades from plain carbon steels to alloy, stainless, tool, microalloyed, dual-phase, chromium-vanadium and maraging steels, and shaped by casting, rolling, forging and heat treatment; steel is the most widely used engineering material for construction, vehicles, machinery, tools and packaging, is produced by a global industry, and is recycled extensively.","purpose":"Let an agent explain steel and its grades and properties, describe production and processing, support selecting steels for applications, and describe the industry, recycling and history.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Iron-carbon alloy","Heat treatable","Grade systems","Recyclable"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What steel is.","layers":[{"id":"composition","name":"Composition","description":"Composition and properties.","findings":[{"id":"composition-finding","name":"Composition","description":"Composition.","questions":[{"text":"How do carbon content, alloying elements and microstructure determine the properties of steel?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How does steel differ from cast iron and wrought iron?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"grades","name":"Grades","description":"Grades and families.","findings":[{"id":"grades-finding","name":"Grades","description":"Grades.","questions":[{"text":"What are carbon, alloy, stainless, tool, microalloyed, dual-phase and maraging steels, and how are grades designated?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific grade?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Selecting and processing.","layers":[{"id":"select","name":"Select","description":"Selecting steel.","findings":[{"id":"select-finding","name":"Select","description":"Selection.","questions":[{"text":"Which steel suits this application given strength, toughness, corrosion and cost, under applicable standards?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which entry fits a design code?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"process","name":"Process","description":"Processing and heat treatment.","findings":[{"id":"process-finding","name":"Process","description":"Processing.","questions":[{"text":"How are steels rolled, forged, welded and heat treated, and how does this change properties?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits heat treatment?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"industry","name":"Industry","description":"Production and sustainability.","layers":[{"id":"production","name":"Production","description":"Steelmaking.","findings":[{"id":"production-finding","name":"Production","description":"Production.","questions":[{"text":"How is steel made in blast furnace and electric arc routes, and how is the industry structured globally?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits steelmaking?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"sustainability","name":"Sustainability","description":"Emissions and recycling.","findings":[{"id":"sustainability-finding","name":"Sustainability","description":"Sustainability.","questions":[{"text":"What are the carbon emissions of steel, how is it recycled, and what decarbonisation routes are being developed, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which findings are uncertain?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"History and teaching.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History of steel.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did steel develop from ancient crucible and wootz steels to Bessemer, open hearth and modern processes?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can steel metallurgy be taught?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify steel grades from markings, certificates and test results.","Inspect steel structures and parts for corrosion, cracks and deformation.","Check that a steel product's certificate matches the specification ordered."],"mustNot":["Substitute a steel grade lower than specified in a structural or pressure application.","Falsify or reuse mill certificates.","Cut, weld or heat steel near people without required guarding and fire precautions.","Approve a corroded or cracked load-bearing steel member as sound without assessment."],"requiresHuman":["Accepting non-conforming steel into a structure.","Taking a load-bearing steel member out of service."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Steel quality failures cause bridge, building and vessel collapses that kill people.","Steelmaking is a major source of emissions and workplace injuries."],"affectedParties":["Users of structures","Steel workers","Communities near steelworks"]},"owners":{"steward":"The producer or owner of each piece; the engineer of record answers for its use in a structure.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q907347","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"ferroalloy","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"blacksmith","type":"related","note":"forging steel"},{"target":"pipe","type":"related","note":"steel pipes"},{"target":"recycling","type":"related","note":"steel recycling"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.steel","Wikidata: Q11427 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11427)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Density: Approximately 7800-8000 kg/m3 - Common engineering steels have densities in this approximate range at room temperature, with variation by alloy composition.","Young's modulus: Approximately 190-210 GPa - Common engineering steels have elastic stiffness in this approximate range at room temperature.","Yield strength:  MPa - Yield strength is determined by tensile testing using the grade's specified yield or proof stress criterion.","Thermal conductivity:  W/(m K) - Thermal conductivity is measured under a known temperature gradient and varies substantially between carbon and stainless steels."]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Iron alloyed with carbon","Many grades","Cast iron has more carbon; wrought iron has almost none","Grey metal in bars, sheets, beams, wire and castings."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain grades and properties","describe production","support selection","describe industry and history"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Corrosion","Fatigue and brittle fracture","High carbon emissions in production"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Steel grade standards such as EN, ASTM and JIS","Structural design codes","Emissions regulations for steelmaking"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Iron-carbon alloys for engineering.","carbon steels","alloy and microalloyed steels","stainless steels","tool and high-strength steels such as maraging","special steels such as dual-phase and chromium-vanadium"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q11427: steel","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11427","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should each steel family be a separate entry?","How should grade standards be linked?","How should decarbonisation research be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q11427/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q11427/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T01:16:06Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}