{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.plough","code":"thing-q11464","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11464/","name":"plough","alternateNames":["motor plough","Motorplough","electric plough","curved-shaft plow","plow animal traction","Petty Plough","Çapa","Garu","Oradlo","Mole plough","Hunspflug","reversible plough"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A farm implement for cutting, lifting and turning over soil to prepare a seedbed, bury weeds and residues and aerate the ground, historically drawn by oxen or horses in forms from the simple ard to the mouldboard plough with a curved share and mouldboard, and since the 20th century pulled by tractors or built as self-propelled motor ploughs, with variants such as reversible, chisel, disc and electric ploughs; the plough transformed agriculture and is a symbol of farming.","purpose":"Let an agent explain ploughs and their types, relay history, design and operation from agricultural sources, describe modern and traditional use, and distinguish ploughs from harrows, cultivators and no-till methods.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Cuts and turns soil","Share and mouldboard","Animal or engine traction","Symbol of agriculture"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What a plough is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition and parts.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is a plough, what are its share, mouldboard, coulter and frame, and how does it differ from harrows and cultivators?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about ploughs in general, a type or a traction method?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"types","name":"Types","description":"Types.","findings":[{"id":"types-finding","name":"Types","description":"Types.","questions":[{"text":"How do ards, mouldboard, reversible, chisel, disc, motor and electric ploughs differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific type?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Use.","layers":[{"id":"operation","name":"Operation","description":"Operation.","findings":[{"id":"operation-finding","name":"Operation","description":"Operation.","questions":[{"text":"How is ploughing done, and how are depth, furrow width and timing chosen?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"animal","name":"Animal","description":"Animal traction.","findings":[{"id":"animal-finding","name":"Animal","description":"Animal.","questions":[{"text":"How are animal-drawn ploughs used today, and what designs suit smallholders?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","layers":[{"id":"origins","name":"Origins","description":"Origins and development.","findings":[{"id":"origins-finding","name":"Origins","description":"Origins.","questions":[{"text":"How did the plough develop from the ard to the heavy plough and the steel plough, as historians describe?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the history of agriculture?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"mechanisation","name":"Mechanisation","description":"Mechanisation.","findings":[{"id":"mechanisation-finding","name":"Mechanisation","description":"Mechanisation.","questions":[{"text":"How did steam, motor and tractor ploughs change farming?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits agricultural mechanisation?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"Debate and culture.","layers":[{"id":"debate","name":"Debate","description":"Tillage debate.","findings":[{"id":"debate-finding","name":"Debate","description":"Debate.","questions":[{"text":"What are the arguments for and against ploughing versus conservation tillage, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits conservation tillage?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"culture","name":"Culture","description":"Culture.","findings":[{"id":"culture-finding","name":"Culture","description":"Culture.","questions":[{"text":"How does the plough appear in symbols, ploughing matches and literature?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits ploughing match?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the types and history of ploughs, citing agricultural sources.","Describe when ploughing helps or harms soil compared with reduced tillage."],"mustNot":["Operate a tractor-drawn plough near people standing in its path or on slopes where it can overturn.","Plough land the agent is not authorized to work.","Plough across buried services, field drains or archaeological sites known to the operator.","Confuse ploughs with harrows or cultivators when giving guidance."],"requiresHuman":["Ploughing protected grassland or erosion-prone land."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Over-ploughing erodes and compacts soil that future harvests depend on.","Farm machinery accidents injure and kill farm workers every year."],"affectedParties":["Farm workers","Landholders","Downstream communities"]},"owners":{"steward":"The farmer who owns or operates it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q15306431","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q16000047","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q29888707","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q39546","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"tillage machine","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"agricultural machinery","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"vehicle attachment","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"no-till farming","type":"related","note":"which avoids ploughing"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.plough","Wikidata: Q11464 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11464)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["earliest ards: about 4000 BCE period - evidence","mouldboard plough in Europe: medieval period - heavy plough","tractor plough furrows: up to 12 or more count - large models"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Soil-turning tillage implement","Mouldboard, ard, reversible, chisel, disc, motor and electric ploughs, animal-drawn ploughs","Harrows break clods; cultivators loosen without turning; no-till avoids ploughing","A frame with one or more curved blades that cut and turn furrows, drawn by animals or a tractor."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain types and design","relay history","describe use and alternatives","distinguish from other implements"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Soil erosion and compaction from over-ploughing","Machinery accidents","Confusing ploughs with harrows and cultivators"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Machinery safety standards","Soil conservation rules affecting tillage","Heritage protection for historic ploughing traditions"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Primary tillage of soil.","ards and scratch ploughs","mouldboard ploughs including the heavy plough","reversible and semi-mounted tractor ploughs","chisel and disc ploughs","motor ploughs and electric ploughs including cable ploughing","animal-traction ploughs still used worldwide"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q11464: plough","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11464","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Plough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should the mouldboard plough and ard be separate primary entries?","How should agricultural sources be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming variants and a historical company product; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q11464/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q11464/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T05:16:09Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:53+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}