{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.douglas-c-1","code":"thing-q1252066","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1252066/","name":"Douglas C-1","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The Douglas C-1 was an American single-engine transport biplane developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company in the 1920s for the United States Army Air Service, with an enclosed cabin for passengers or cargo and an open cockpit for its crew.","purpose":"Enable an agent to identify the Douglas C-1 transport aircraft type, distinguish its configurations, and assess what evidence is needed before attributing capabilities or permitting actions on a represented airframe.","scope":{"in":["Douglas C-1 identification through manufacturer, designation, configuration and documentary evidence","Baseline transport configuration and documented variant or experimental modifications","Airframe, propulsion, flight controls and ground-handling arrangements","Passenger and cargo accommodation, loading access and configuration-dependent limits","Evidence requirements for maintenance, historical interpretation and proposed physical actions"],"out":["Other aircraft called C-1 by different manufacturers or designation systems","Separate models of individual serial-numbered aircraft","The Liberty engine family except its installation in this aircraft","The Douglas company and Army operating organisations as institutions","The Question Mark aircraft and endurance-flight event except their relationship to C-1 support aircraft","General aviation operating procedures and present-day certification rules"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Require Douglas manufacturer attribution together with the C-1 designation; the designation alone does not establish identity.","Check the biplane layout and Liberty-powered configuration against dated evidence; a participant account describes tubular construction, fabric covering and a water-cooled Liberty engine. [Congressional Record](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1974-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1974-pt1-1-1.pdf)","Use transport accommodation and loading arrangements to distinguish the C-1 from superficially similar Douglas aircraft; require drawings or identified photographs to settle ambiguous examples.","Distinguish a standard transport from a modified refuelling aircraft: two Douglas C-1s supplied fuel to Question Mark, which was the receiving aircraft. [National Museum of the USAF](https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197384/flight-of-the-question-mark/)","Require configuration and date evidence before treating a C-1 suffix designation or experimental installation as representative of the baseline aircraft."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"type-and-variant-identity","name":"Type and variant identity","description":"Establish what the Douglas C-1 name denotes and how narrower configurations relate to it.","layers":[{"id":"designation-evidence","name":"Designation evidence","description":"Resolve manufacturer, military designation and represented object.","findings":[{"id":"douglas-c-1-attribution","name":"Douglas C-1 attribution","description":"Record evidence that identifies this Douglas transport rather than another aircraft bearing C-1.","questions":[{"text":"Which manufacturer and military records establish the Douglas C-1 designation?","id":"douglas-c-1-attribution-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does the record describe the aircraft type, a particular variant or a serial-numbered airframe?","id":"douglas-c-1-attribution-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"configuration-lineage","name":"Configuration lineage","description":"Keep baseline, suffix designations and individual modifications distinguishable.","findings":[{"id":"variant-applicability","name":"Variant applicability","description":"Treat C-1A, C-1B and C-1C as research targets whose production or proposal status and relationship require authoritative confirmation.","questions":[{"text":"Which suffix designations identify built variants, modified airframes or unbuilt proposals?","id":"variant-applicability-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which drawings, serial ranges and dates establish the configuration to which each specification applies?","id":"variant-applicability-q02","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does the registry already assign any of these variants to a separate authoritative entry?","id":"variant-applicability-q03","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"airframe-and-ground-support","name":"Airframe and ground support","description":"Describe the C-1's biplane structure and configuration-specific support arrangements.","layers":[{"id":"biplane-structure","name":"Biplane structure","description":"Record geometry, construction and structural evidence.","findings":[{"id":"structural-configuration","name":"Structural configuration","description":"Determine the applicable wing, fuselage, bracing and covering arrangement from drawings and inspection evidence.","questions":[{"text":"What wing geometry, bracing arrangement and fuselage construction identify the baseline C-1?","id":"structural-configuration-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which measured dimensions and structural changes distinguish documented later configurations?","id":"structural-configuration-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"landing-gear-and-handling","name":"Landing gear and handling","description":"Connect undercarriage configuration to supported ground actions.","findings":[{"id":"ground-support-constraints","name":"Ground support constraints","description":"Establish the landing-gear fit and approved support points before inferring towing, lifting or jacking capability.","questions":[{"text":"Which landing-gear arrangement is documented for this C-1 configuration and date?","id":"ground-support-constraints-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What evidence identifies permissible lifting, jacking and towing attachment points?","id":"ground-support-constraints-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"propulsion-and-flight-control","name":"Propulsion and flight control","description":"Capture the installed powerplant, its supporting systems and the aircraft's control arrangement.","layers":[{"id":"engine-installation","name":"Engine installation","description":"Identify the engine, propeller and cooling installation as a matched configuration.","findings":[{"id":"powerplant-applicability","name":"Powerplant applicability","description":"Record the exact Liberty or documented experimental installation without assigning one rating to every C-1.","questions":[{"text":"Which engine designation, gearing, propeller and cooling arrangement belong to this configuration?","id":"powerplant-applicability-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Under what rpm, altitude and rating convention was the quoted engine power established?","id":"powerplant-applicability-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which instructions establish its fuel, lubricant and coolant requirements?","id":"powerplant-applicability-q03","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"controls-and-operating-envelope","name":"Controls and operating envelope","description":"Relate cockpit controls and aerodynamic configuration to documented limitations.","findings":[{"id":"control-and-performance-evidence","name":"Control and performance evidence","description":"Separate recorded controls and test performance from limits that would justify an action.","questions":[{"text":"Which cockpit controls, instruments and control-surface arrangements are documented for the selected C-1?","id":"control-and-performance-evidence-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What mass, power setting and atmospheric conditions accompany its speed, climb and range figures?","id":"control-and-performance-evidence-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which period instructions establish limitations rather than merely reporting achieved performance?","id":"control-and-performance-evidence-q03","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"transport-cabin-and-loading","name":"Transport cabin and loading","description":"Represent the C-1's passenger and freight arrangements as distinct loading configurations.","layers":[{"id":"accommodation-and-access","name":"Accommodation and access","description":"Establish cabin arrangements and usable loading openings.","findings":[{"id":"cabin-configuration","name":"Cabin configuration","description":"Resolve seating, cargo space and reported floor-hatch loading against configuration-specific evidence.","questions":[{"text":"What seating and crew accommodation are documented for the baseline transport arrangement?","id":"cabin-configuration-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What are the clear dimensions of the cabin and each loading opening, including any documented floor hatch?","id":"cabin-configuration-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which alterations are required to change between passenger and cargo arrangements?","id":"cabin-configuration-q03","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"load-support-and-balance","name":"Load support and balance","description":"Determine whether a proposed load is compatible with the installed transport arrangement.","findings":[{"id":"configuration-specific-payload","name":"Configuration-specific payload","description":"Keep payload, floor capacity and aircraft mass limits separate and tied to their source configuration.","questions":[{"text":"What empty mass, permitted loaded mass and centre-of-gravity limits apply to the chosen C-1 configuration?","id":"configuration-specific-payload-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What floor-strength and restraint evidence supports carrying a concentrated load such as an aircraft engine?","id":"configuration-specific-payload-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"Does a quoted payload include crew, fuel or removable mission equipment?","id":"configuration-specific-payload-q03","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"special-mission-configurations","name":"Special mission configurations","description":"Separate exceptional C-1 installations from the transport baseline.","layers":[{"id":"refuelling-donor-installation","name":"Refuelling donor installation","description":"Describe the C-1's documented donor role and identify the modifications supporting it.","findings":[{"id":"question-mark-support","name":"Question Mark support","description":"Two Douglas C-1 aircraft delivered fuel through lowered hoses during Question Mark's endurance flight; record this as a documented mission configuration. [National Museum of the USAF](https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197384/flight-of-the-question-mark/)","questions":[{"text":"Which airframes and dated installation records identify the two C-1 refuelling donors?","id":"question-mark-support-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What additional tanks, hose equipment and crew provisions distinguished them from transport aircraft?","id":"question-mark-support-q02","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which capabilities belong to those modified aircraft rather than the C-1 type generally?","id":"question-mark-support-q03","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"other-experimental-fits","name":"Other experimental fits","description":"Investigate reported ambulance, engine-test and alternative-undercarriage configurations.","findings":[{"id":"special-fit-verification","name":"Special fit verification","description":"Require installation evidence before accepting a reported special-purpose fit or its capacity.","questions":[{"text":"Which primary records verify reported ambulance, engine-test or ski-equipped C-1 configurations?","id":"special-fit-verification-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What equipment, accommodation and structural changes did each verified fit require?","id":"special-fit-verification-q02","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Was each fit a temporary installation, a redesignated variant or an unbuilt proposal?","id":"special-fit-verification-q03","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"condition-and-action-evidence","name":"Condition and action evidence","description":"Translate C-1 configuration knowledge into evidence requirements for inspecting or acting on a represented aircraft.","layers":[{"id":"configuration-aware-inspection","name":"Configuration-aware inspection","description":"Identify inspection needs arising from the documented structure and installed systems.","findings":[{"id":"condition-evidence","name":"Condition evidence","description":"Treat covering deterioration, structural corrosion, bracing condition and cooling-system leakage as inspection questions rather than unsupported claims about C-1 failure frequency.","questions":[{"text":"Which C-1 maintenance instructions define inspections for its structure, covering, bracing and installed powerplant?","id":"condition-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What dated observations establish the condition of these features on the represented airframe?","id":"condition-evidence-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"authenticity-and-operating-status","name":"Authenticity and operating status","description":"Distinguish historical configuration, reconstructed appearance and evidence supporting physical actions.","findings":[{"id":"action-eligibility","name":"Action eligibility","description":"Require object-specific condition and authority records before recommending loading, movement, engine operation or flight.","questions":[{"text":"Which components are original, restored, substituted or replicated, and how does that affect the claimed C-1 configuration?","id":"action-eligibility-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What condition assessments and applicable authorisations support the particular proposed action?","id":"action-eligibility-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"Does the evidence establish historical military acceptance, display suitability or present operating eligibility?","id":"action-eligibility-q03","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Douglas C-1 this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Douglas C-1 this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Douglas C-1 this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Douglas C-1 this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Douglas C-1 this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Douglas C-1 this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Douglas C-1 this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe the transport biplane's design and its role in early military air transport.","Support historians in cataloguing records and photographs."],"mustNot":["Present uncertain production or service details as established fact.","Confuse it with later types using similar designations.","Misattribute photographs or documents."],"requiresHuman":["Publishing interpretations where sources disagree."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Accurate records of early transport aircraft preserve the history of the people who flew and maintained them."],"affectedParties":["Historians","Readers of aviation history"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the design history; archives and museums hold the surviving records.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q75135839","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.douglas-c-1","Wikidata: Q1252066 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1252066)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Designation and configuration attribution: C-1 baseline; documented suffix variant; documented conversion; unresolved","Airframe identity evidence: Links to manufacturer records, military serial records, drawings and dated photographs","Wing and fuselage dimensions: Wingspan, length and height in m, with original units and applicable configuration","Installed engine and propeller: Engine designation, propeller specification and installation drawing","Engine rating: kW and original hp convention, with rpm, rating duration and source","Transport accommodation: Passenger seating; cargo arrangement; documented special-purpose fit; unknown","Mass and balance limits: Empty, loaded and payload mass in kg; centre-of-gravity limits in original datum convention","Loading aperture and floor limits: Clear dimensions in mm; local and distributed load limits in source-specified units","Performance evidence: Speed in km/h, range in km and altitude in m, with mass, configuration and test conditions","Represented airframe condition: Documented serviceable at stated date; incomplete; conserved display; replica; unassessed"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A single-engine biplane with an enclosed cabin in the fuselage.","An open cockpit for the crew ahead of the wings."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Match an archival record or photographed aircraft to the C-1 using designation and configuration evidence.","Compare baseline and modified C-1 configurations without transferring limits between them.","Assess a proposed historical cargo or passenger arrangement against documented access, mass and balance constraints.","Identify drawings, inspection records and installation evidence needed for conservation or reconstruction.","Explain the C-1's role in a documented refuelling operation while distinguishing donor and receiver aircraft.","Flag proposed loading, engine-running or movement actions whose configuration-specific evidence is missing."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Scarce sources mean errors about the type are easily repeated."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The C-1 designation belongs to the cargo aircraft classification introduced by the United States Army Air Service in 1925."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["This transport biplane was used for military passenger and cargo carriage during the interwar period.","It is now encountered primarily in historical photographs, technical records and aviation collections documenting early military air transport."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1252066: Douglas C-1","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1252066","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Douglas C-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-1","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does the registry intend Douglas C-1 to cover the full designation family, and is any existing world-model publication authoritative for this concept?","Which primary records settle C-1A, C-1B and C-1C status, production totals, serial ranges and configuration changes?","What authoritative drawings and manuals establish dimensions, cabin access, floor strength, loading limits and centre-of-gravity limits for each built configuration?","How should differing published Liberty engine ratings and aircraft performance figures be reconciled by installation, rating convention and test conditions?","Which surviving airframes, components or replicas are documented, and what records establish their authenticity, condition and permitted uses?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1252066/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1252066/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T09:18:46Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}