{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.internal-combustion-engine","code":"thing-q12757","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q12757/","name":"internal combustion engine","alternateNames":["nuclear thermal rocket","pulsed nuclear thermal rocket","Nuclear salt-water rocket","antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion","RocketMotorTwo","dual-thrust rocket motor","kick motor","Algol 1","small engine","gas turbine engine","jet engine","Lyulka TR-3"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A heat engine in which fuel burns inside a combustion chamber and the hot gases act directly on pistons, turbine blades or a nozzle, including spark-ignition and diesel piston engines, gas turbines and rocket motors, used in vehicles, aircraft, ships, generators and machinery; internal combustion engines are regulated for emissions and are being complemented or replaced by electric drives in many uses.","purpose":"Let an agent explain how internal combustion engines work and their types, support maintenance and troubleshooting in general terms, describe emissions regulation and the transition to alternatives, and separate exotic propulsion concepts.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Internal combustion","Piston, turbine or rocket","Fuel-dependent","Emission-regulated"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"How engines work.","layers":[{"id":"cycles","name":"Cycles","description":"Engine cycles.","findings":[{"id":"cycles-finding","name":"Cycles","description":"Cycles.","questions":[{"text":"How do four-stroke, two-stroke, diesel and gas turbine cycles work?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What determines power and efficiency?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"types","name":"Types","description":"Which engine.","findings":[{"id":"types-finding","name":"Types","description":"Types.","questions":[{"text":"What type of engine is this, and what are its specifications, according to the manufacturer?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is a rocket motor or a nuclear propulsion concept meant, which is a different topic?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"maintain","name":"Maintain","description":"Care and troubleshooting.","layers":[{"id":"maintenance","name":"Maintenance","description":"Maintenance.","findings":[{"id":"maintenance-finding","name":"Maintenance","description":"Maintenance.","questions":[{"text":"What routine maintenance does this engine need, such as oil, filters and timing?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which tasks need a professional?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"troubleshoot","name":"Troubleshoot","description":"Diagnosing problems.","findings":[{"id":"troubleshoot-finding","name":"Troubleshoot","description":"Troubleshooting.","questions":[{"text":"What might cause these symptoms in an engine, and how can they be diagnosed?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Is there a safety hazard such as fuel leak or exhaust in an enclosed space now?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"environment","name":"Environment","description":"Emissions and transition.","layers":[{"id":"emissions","name":"Emissions","description":"Emissions rules.","findings":[{"id":"emissions-finding","name":"Emissions","description":"Emissions.","questions":[{"text":"Which emissions standards apply to this engine type here, and how are they tested?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How do catalytic converters and filters work?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"transition","name":"Transition","description":"Alternatives.","findings":[{"id":"transition-finding","name":"Transition","description":"Transition.","questions":[{"text":"How are electric drives, hydrogen and synthetic fuels changing engine use, and what are the attributed positions in debates?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History and teaching.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History of the engine.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did the internal combustion engine develop, and who were the key inventors?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How did it shape transport?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can engine cycles be taught with models?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Monitor engine data and report faults or emissions problems to the operator.","Schedule maintenance the owner has requested."],"mustNot":["Run an engine in an enclosed space where exhaust can build up.","Tamper with emissions controls or falsify emissions readings.","Refuel or work on a hot or running engine.","Leave a running engine unattended near people."],"requiresHuman":["Modifying an engine's controls or power output."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Exhaust from engines harms health and the climate.","Engines cause fires and carbon monoxide poisoning when misused."],"affectedParties":["People breathing exhaust","Mechanics and operators","Communities near traffic"]},"owners":{"steward":"The owner or operator of the vehicle or machine.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Vehicle registers for engines in road vehicles"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q6018565","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"combustion engine","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"mechanism","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"electric car","type":"related","note":"alternative drive"},{"target":"oxide","type":"related","note":"combustion products"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.internal-combustion-engine","Wikidata: Q12757 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Dry mass:  kilograms - Dry mass is measured with the included accessories and excluded operating fluids explicitly identified.","Overall length:  metres - Length is measured across the specified engine assembly with its configuration recorded.","Fuel mass flow rate:  kilograms per second - Fuel consumption is measured as mass flow at a stated operating condition.","Exhaust gas temperature:  degrees Celsius - Exhaust temperature is measured at a specified sensor location and operating condition."]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Combustion inside the engine","Piston, turbine or rocket form","Steam engines burn fuel externally","Metal engine blocks with cylinders, or turbines with compressor and combustor."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain engine types and cycles","support maintenance and troubleshooting","describe emissions rules and alternatives","separate rocket and exotic propulsion"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Carbon monoxide poisoning from exhaust","Fire and fuel hazards","Emissions and air pollution"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vehicle emissions standards","Fuel quality regulations","Engine safety and noise standards"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Converting fuel combustion into mechanical work.","spark-ignition piston engines","diesel engines","gas turbines","rotary engines","rocket motors and exotic propulsion concepts (related)"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q12757: internal combustion engine","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Internal combustion engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should gas turbines be a separate entry?","How should emissions rules be localised?","How should rocket propulsion be split?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q12757/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q12757/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T22:12:25Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}