{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.hyperonymy","code":"thing-q12797240","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q12797240/","name":"hyperonymy","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Cross-cutting context","entryKind":"thing","plane":"XCT","domain":["XCT.REL"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The semantic relation between a more general term and a more specific one, in which the general term or hypernym includes the meaning of the specific term or hyponym, such as animal to dog or vehicle to car, forming taxonomic hierarchies used in dictionaries, thesauri, ontologies and knowledge graphs; hyperonymy is the inverse of hyponymy and is distinct from the part-whole relation.","purpose":"Let an agent explain hyperonymy and hyponymy, identify kind-of relations in language and data, distinguish them from meronymy, and apply them in ontology and knowledge modelling.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Kind-of","Hierarchical","Transitive","Ontology-fundamental"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"define","name":"Define","description":"What hyperonymy is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Hypernym and hyponym.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What are hypernyms and hyponyms, and how do they form hierarchies?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is this relation hyperonymy, meronymy or instance-of?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"examples","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","findings":[{"id":"examples-finding","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","questions":[{"text":"What are examples of hypernym chains, and how do co-hyponyms relate?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How do languages differ in lexicalising levels?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"theory","name":"Theory","description":"Properties.","layers":[{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"Transitivity and inheritance.","findings":[{"id":"properties-finding","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","questions":[{"text":"Why is hyperonymy transitive, and how does property inheritance follow from it?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What are the limits, such as multiple senses and prototypes?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"lexicon","name":"Lexicon","description":"In lexical databases.","findings":[{"id":"lexicon-finding","name":"Lexicon","description":"Lexical databases.","questions":[{"text":"How do WordNet and thesauri encode hypernymy and broader terms?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What is troponymy for verbs?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"model","name":"Model","description":"In ontologies and data.","layers":[{"id":"ontology","name":"Ontology","description":"Building taxonomies.","findings":[{"id":"ontology-finding","name":"Ontology","description":"Ontology.","questions":[{"text":"How should kind-of relations be modelled in this ontology or knowledge graph, and how do subclass and instance differ?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which standard properties apply?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"nlp","name":"NLP","description":"Extraction from text.","findings":[{"id":"nlp-finding","name":"NLP","description":"NLP.","questions":[{"text":"How can hypernym relations be extracted from text, such as with lexical patterns?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What are typical errors?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Teaching.","layers":[{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching hyperonymy.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can hyperonymy be taught alongside other semantic relations?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did the study of taxonomic relations develop from Aristotle to modern lexical semantics?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Model kind-of hierarchies in vocabularies and knowledge graphs.","Explain hypernyms and hyponyms with examples."],"mustNot":["Confuse kind-of with part-of or instance-of.","Build tangled hierarchies without checking for cycles.","Classify people or groups under demeaning hypernyms."],"requiresHuman":["Changing hierarchies in a published shared vocabulary."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Taxonomies of people can encode prejudice.","Errors in shared hierarchies spread to every system that uses them."],"affectedParties":["Users of vocabularies","Lexicographers","People classified in taxonomies"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: a semantic relation; the maintainers of each vocabulary answer for its use there.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q2268906","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"semantic relation","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"meronymy","type":"related","note":"contrasting relation"},{"target":"homomorphism","type":"related","note":"structure-preserving maps in another domain"},{"target":"data set","type":"related","note":"controlled vocabularies"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.hyperonymy","Wikidata: Q12797240 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12797240)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["General to specific","Forms taxonomic trees","Meronymy is part-of, not kind-of","Not physical; a relation between word meanings or concepts."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain hypernyms and hyponyms","identify kind-of relations","distinguish from meronymy","model taxonomies"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing kind-of with part-of or instance-of","Tangled hierarchies","Ambiguity across senses"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Thesaurus standards such as ISO 25964","Ontology standards such as OWL and SKOS","Lexical database conventions"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Kind-of relations in meaning.","lexical hyperonymy in dictionaries","taxonomic hyperonymy in ontologies","class subsumption in description logics","hyperonymy in thesauri as broader terms","troponymy for verbs (related)"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q12797240: hyperonymy","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12797240","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Hyperonymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperonymy","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should class subsumption be a separate entry?","How should thesaurus standards be linked?","How should sense disambiguation be handled?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q12797240/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q12797240/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T21:45:45Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:54+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}