{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.abacus","code":"thing-q12806","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q12806/","name":"abacus","alternateNames":["toy abacus","yupana","Russian abacus","soroban","Banshu soroban"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"An abacus is a physical calculating tool that represents values through the positions of movable beads or other counters under an established counting convention, using either a frame with counters constrained to rods, wires or grooves, or an organized counting surface with loose counters.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise a physical abacus, interpret its configured counting state, assess whether it can be used reliably, and choose appropriate operations or care.","scope":{"in":["The frame, counting surface, rods, wires, grooves, dividers and movable counting elements present on the instrument","The mapping from counting-element positions to values under an explicitly identified convention","The currently represented quantity, including ambiguous or unfinished configurations","Physical completeness, readability and freedom of movement","Permitted manipulation, arithmetic use, resetting and instrument-specific care"],"out":["General arithmetic theory and algorithms independent of the instrument","Digital abacus simulations and electronic calculators","Loose counters with no established abacus arrangement or counting convention","The learner's mathematical competence and teaching curriculum","Ownership, valuation and collection management beyond constraints affecting interpretation or handling"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["It provides an organised physical layout in which movable elements can occupy positions assigned counting significance; a decorative bead arrangement without such a mapping is insufficient.","Its quantity is represented through the arrangement of counting elements, rather than read solely from an electronic display, dial or written numeral.","Operating it involves moving counting elements according to a convention; it does not require the mechanically linked digit wheels characteristic of a mechanical calculating machine.","Its layout supports an identifiable counting convention, distinguishing an abacus from a bead maze or rack whose bead positions have no established numerical interpretation.","A frame with captive beads is not the sole recognition test: an organised counting surface with separate counters requires an explicit boundary decision."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"counting-architecture","name":"Counting architecture","description":"Establishes what makes this instrument an abacus and how its counting elements are physically organised.","layers":[{"id":"instrument-recognition","name":"Instrument recognition","description":"Tests whether the object provides a usable abacus arrangement.","findings":[{"id":"evidenced-abacus-identity","name":"Evidenced abacus identity","description":"Record the physical features and available instructions supporting recognition, while retaining uncertainty about replicas, teaching racks and counting boards.","questions":[{"text":"Which observable features establish an organised arrangement for counting through element positions?","id":"evidenced-abacus-identity-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What evidence distinguishes this object from a decorative rack, bead toy or neighbouring counting device?","id":"evidenced-abacus-identity-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"element-layout","name":"Element layout","description":"Describes the positions, divisions and element inventory that constrain representation.","findings":[{"id":"counting-topology-and-inventory","name":"Counting topology and inventory","description":"Record the working orientation, ordered positions, compartments and element counts without assuming every position has an identical layout.","questions":[{"text":"How many counting positions and compartments are present, and how many elements occupy each?","id":"counting-topology-and-inventory-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which dividers, markings or instructions establish orientation and distinguish positions with different roles?","id":"counting-topology-and-inventory-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"numerical-interpretation","name":"Numerical interpretation","description":"Connects observable element positions to quantities through an explicit convention.","layers":[{"id":"interpretation-convention","name":"Interpretation convention","description":"Establishes activation rules and the assignment of numerical significance.","findings":[{"id":"position-value-mapping","name":"Position-value mapping","description":"Record which element positions count, their weights and the assignment of units and other places for the current use.","questions":[{"text":"Under the selected convention, which positions make an element count, and what value does each contribute?","id":"position-value-mapping-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What supports the selected place assignments, including the units position and any fractional or sign representation?","id":"position-value-mapping-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"configuration-reading","name":"Configuration reading","description":"Separates the observed arrangement from its interpreted numerical state.","findings":[{"id":"observed-and-interpreted-state","name":"Observed and interpreted state","description":"Preserve the element configuration alongside its conditional reading, identifying unclear positions and intermediate calculation states.","questions":[{"text":"What element positions are observable, and which cannot be assigned confidently to a counting state?","id":"observed-and-interpreted-state-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does this configuration have a settled reading under the selected convention, or is clarification or completion of an operation required?","id":"observed-and-interpreted-state-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"calculation-and-state-transitions","name":"Calculation and state transitions","description":"Describes how a requested numerical change can be realised and checked on this instrument.","layers":[{"id":"operation-fit","name":"Operation fit","description":"Determines whether the intended operation has a suitable representation and procedure.","findings":[{"id":"procedure-and-capacity","name":"Procedure and capacity","description":"Identify the requested operation, a compatible method and the positions needed for operands, working states and results.","questions":[{"text":"Which procedure is supported for this layout and convention, and what initial configuration does it require?","id":"procedure-and-capacity-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"Do the available positions accommodate the operands, intermediate states and result at the requested resolution?","id":"procedure-and-capacity-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"controlled-manipulation","name":"Controlled manipulation","description":"Tracks intended moves and establishes when a changed configuration can be accepted.","findings":[{"id":"move-and-result-verification","name":"Move and result verification","description":"Record the intended transformation and compare the resulting arrangement with it, including required exchanges between positions.","questions":[{"text":"Which elements must move, and which exchanges or carries does the chosen procedure require?","id":"move-and-result-verification-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What observation confirms completion without unintended element movement or an unresolved intermediate state?","id":"move-and-result-verification-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"operability-and-configuration-preservation","name":"Operability and configuration preservation","description":"Assesses whether counting elements can be moved reliably and whether the current configuration may be disturbed.","layers":[{"id":"counting-mechanism-condition","name":"Counting mechanism condition","description":"Examines faults that affect movement, readable positions or completeness.","findings":[{"id":"movement-readability-and-completeness","name":"Movement, readability and completeness","description":"Record absent elements, damaged guides or dividers, obstruction and unstable resting positions by their effect on counting.","questions":[{"text":"Which elements or guides are missing, damaged, obstructed or unable to retain a distinguishable counting position?","id":"movement-readability-and-completeness-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which readings or operations remain reliable given those faults, and which require repair or a different instrument?","id":"movement-readability-and-completeness-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"state-preserving-handling","name":"State-preserving handling","description":"Determines how to inspect, move, reset or care for the instrument without losing a needed counting state.","findings":[{"id":"configuration-and-handling-permission","name":"Configuration and handling permission","description":"Establish whether the arrangement must be recorded or preserved and identify handling methods supported for the instrument's construction and condition.","questions":[{"text":"Must the current configuration be preserved or recorded before lifting, moving, testing or resetting the abacus?","id":"configuration-and-handling-permission-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What instructions or condition evidence support the proposed manipulation, cleaning or repair method?","id":"configuration-and-handling-permission-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of abacus this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of abacus this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of abacus this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of abacus this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of abacus this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of abacus this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of abacus this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of abacus this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Use and teach an abacus for arithmetic.","Describe the regional types and their histories."],"mustNot":["Misrepresent the age or origin of an antique abacus to sell it.","Give small loose beads from a broken abacus to young children."],"requiresHuman":["Selling or restoring a historic abacus from a collection."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["The abacus is cultural heritage and still a learning tool in many places."],"affectedParties":["Learners","Collectors","Young children"]},"owners":{"steward":"The person who owns it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Museum collection catalogues"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q39546","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.abacus","Wikidata: Q12806 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12806)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Physical arrangement: Rods or wires with captive elements; grooves with elements; surface with separate counters; other; unresolved","Operational orientation: Recorded working orientation and reading direction; unresolved","Counting positions: Number of rods, columns, grooves or other independently interpreted positions","Counting-element inventory: Element count by position and compartment, compared with an evidenced expected inventory","Position-to-value convention: Identified instructions or convention defining element weights, place assignments and activation rules","Reference-place assignment: Designated units position and any fractional, sign or auxiliary positions; unspecified","Counting-element configuration: Position of each element or equivalent unambiguous grouped description; uncertain elements identified","Movement and retention: Free, resistant, blocked, unstable or untested, recorded by affected location","Representational limits: Range and resolution expressed in the represented quantity's units, conditional on the configured convention","Handling constraints: Applicable handling instructions, restrictions and their supporting evidence"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A frame with beads on parallel rods or wires.","Often a bar dividing upper and lower beads."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Inspect the layout and inventory to establish whether a supported abacus interpretation applies.","Record the physical configuration and decode it under a stated convention.","Set or clear a quantity by moving the appropriate elements when handling is permitted.","Perform or demonstrate arithmetic using a procedure compatible with the instrument's layout.","Check a completed operation for unintended movement, unresolved carries and representational limits.","Identify faults and select supported handling or maintenance actions without erasing a configuration that must be preserved."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Choking risk from loose beads.","Calculation errors when beads are misread."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["EN 71-1, issued by the European Committee for Standardization, specifies mechanical and physical safety requirements for an abacus marketed as a toy."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["An abacus is used in arithmetic teaching and manual calculation to represent numbers through movable counters.","It is encountered in classrooms, homes and historical collections, with counting conventions varying between designs."]}},"sources":[{"title":"abacus. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.","url":"https://www.britannica.com/technology/abacus","note":"Device definition, East Asian and classical types, and the distinction from a mere counting board."},{"title":"Abacus. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus","note":"Inventory of regional types (suanpan, soroban, schoty, Roman), typical bead layouts, and educational/modern use."},{"title":"The Universal History of Numbers. Georges Ifrah. Harvill Press / John Wiley (English editions).","url":"","note":"Historical development of place-value bead and board calculation and comparison with neighbouring instruments."},{"title":"Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Joseph Needham. Cambridge University Press, 1959.","url":"","note":"Chinese suanpan construction, bead counts, and its place among Chinese calculating instruments."},{"title":"Wikidata item Q12806: abacus","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12806","note":"identity and sense of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does registry usage include counting boards with loose counters, or reserve abacus for instruments with captive counting elements?","Which abacus variants and interpretation conventions must this model support, and what authoritative instructions establish their rules?","What evidence distinguishes an incomplete instrument from an intentional layout with unequal element counts or specialised positions?","How should observations distinguish an ambiguous element position from a legitimate intermediate calculation state across supported conventions?","Which construction-specific handling and maintenance guidance is available for the instruments this registry will actually describe?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q12806/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q12806/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T09:47:40Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:28+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}