{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.sandstone","code":"thing-q13085","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q13085/","name":"sandstone","alternateNames":["Schmerikon sandstone","Jacobsville sandstone","Warthau sandstone","pietra serena","Reigate stone","brownstone","artificial sandstone","red Main sandstone","hardened sandstone","shelly sandstone","Lede stone","Villamayor Stone"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized grains of quartz, feldspar and rock fragments cemented by silica, calcite or iron oxides, formed from deposits in rivers, deserts, beaches and seas, varying in colour from white and yellow to red and brown, and widely quarried as a building stone in named varieties such as Jacobsville sandstone, Warthau sandstone, Schmerikon sandstone, Reigate stone, Florentine pietra serena and the brownstone of New York; sandstone hosts groundwater and hydrocarbons and weathers into distinctive landscapes.","purpose":"Let an agent explain sandstone and its formation, relay classification, properties and named building stones from geological and heritage sources, describe uses and weathering, and distinguish sandstone from other sedimentary rocks.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Sand-sized grains","Cement type variation","Porosity","Building stone tradition"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What sandstone is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition and formation.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is sandstone, and how does it form from sediment through burial and cementation?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about sandstone, quartzite, siltstone or a specific named stone?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"classification","name":"Classification","description":"Classification.","findings":[{"id":"classification-finding","name":"Classification","description":"Classification.","questions":[{"text":"How are sandstones classified by composition and matrix into arenites, arkoses and greywackes?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific type?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Uses.","layers":[{"id":"building","name":"Building","description":"Building stone.","findings":[{"id":"building-finding","name":"Building","description":"Building.","questions":[{"text":"How are named sandstones such as brownstone, pietra serena, Reigate stone and Jacobsville used in buildings?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"resources","name":"Resources","description":"Aquifers and reservoirs.","findings":[{"id":"resources-finding","name":"Resources","description":"Resources.","questions":[{"text":"Why is sandstone important for groundwater and hydrocarbon reservoirs?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits aquifer?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"care","name":"Care","description":"Weathering and conservation.","layers":[{"id":"weathering","name":"Weathering","description":"Weathering.","findings":[{"id":"weathering-finding","name":"Weathering","description":"Weathering.","questions":[{"text":"How does sandstone weather, and what landscapes does it form?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"conservation","name":"Conservation","description":"Building conservation.","findings":[{"id":"conservation-finding","name":"Conservation","description":"Conservation.","questions":[{"text":"How are sandstone buildings cleaned, repaired and protected?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits stone conservation?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"Places and history.","layers":[{"id":"places","name":"Places","description":"Notable places.","findings":[{"id":"places-finding","name":"Places","description":"Places.","questions":[{"text":"Which sandstone landscapes and monuments are notable, from Petra to Uluru?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific place?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How has sandstone been quarried and used through history?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the history of stone building?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe how sandstone forms and how named varieties differ.","Assess the condition of sandstone buildings from survey data for their owner.","Distinguish sandstone from quartzite and siltstone."],"mustNot":["Recommend dry cutting or grinding sandstone without dust control and respiratory protection.","Advise cleaning or repairing historic sandstone with methods that damage it, without a conservator.","Encourage removing stone from protected outcrops or monuments.","Misidentify the source of building stone in heritage records."],"requiresHuman":["Any intervention on a listed sandstone building or monument."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Silica dust from cutting sandstone causes silicosis in workers.","Sandstone heritage buildings are irreplaceable and easily harmed by bad repairs."],"affectedParties":["Stonemasons and quarry workers","Owners of historic buildings","Future generations"]},"owners":{"steward":"The landowner holds the stone; quarries are licensed and heritage authorities protect listed buildings.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Heritage listing registers"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q141281640","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q3300024","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q612133","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"clastic sedimentary rock","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"natural building material","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"generic sandstone","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"quartzite","type":"related","note":"under heat and pressure"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.sandstone","Wikidata: Q13085 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13085)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["grain size: 0.0625-2 mm","porosity: about 5-30 percent","compressive strength: about 20-170 MPa - varies"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Cemented sand-grain rock","Quartz arenite, arkose, greywacke; named building sandstones","Siltstone and shale are finer; conglomerate is coarser; quartzite is metamorphosed sandstone","A granular rock of cemented sand grains, often layered and coloured by iron."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain formation and classification","relay properties and named stones","describe uses and weathering","distinguish from other rocks"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Weathering and salt damage of buildings","Silicosis from cutting","Confusing sandstone with quartzite or siltstone"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Building stone testing standards such as EN 12440 and ASTM C616","Quarrying and heritage regulations","Silica dust exposure rules"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Building stone, aquifers and reservoirs.","quartz arenite","arkose","greywacke","lithic sandstone","named building sandstones such as Jacobsville, Warthau, Schmerikon, Reigate stone, pietra serena and brownstone","sandstone aquifers and reservoirs"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q13085: sandstone","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13085","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should arkose and greywacke be separate entries?","How should geological references be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming specific quarry stones; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q13085/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q13085/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T03:39:09Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:54+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}