{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.irony","code":"thing-q131361","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q131361/","name":"irony","alternateNames":["irony in Hafez poetry","Socratic irony"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Irony is a family of communicative and narrative devices, and interpretations of events, in which an utterance, appearance, or expectation is understood against a contrasting meaning, reality, or outcome, though theories disagree about what makes that contrast specifically ironic.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise candidate instances of irony, record competing interpretations and supporting cues, and choose a response appropriate to the audience and context.","scope":{"in":["Verbal irony in speech, writing, and multimodal expression","Dramatic irony arising from differences between audience and character knowledge","Situational irony involving a meaningful reversal or frustration of expectations","Competing explanations of irony and their criteria for identifying instances","Contextual cues, audience uptake, interpretive uncertainty, and consequences of ironic communication"],"out":["Humour generally, including jokes without an ironic discrepancy","Sarcasm as a broader practice of pointed mockery, except where it operates through irony","Deception, lying, and misinformation without evidence supporting an ironic interpretation","Metaphor, hyperbole, parody, and satire except where they participate in irony","Coincidence, contradiction, hypocrisy, and unexpected outcomes without an articulated basis for calling them ironic"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["An ironic reading must identify a relevant discrepancy and explain why it matters; a surprising event alone does not establish situational irony.","For verbal irony, test whether the expression invites an interpretation of the speaker's stance beyond literal endorsement; simple factual falsity is insufficient.","Unlike a straightforward lie, intentional verbal irony normally depends on some audience recognising the nonliteral stance, although different audiences may receive different messages.","Dramatic irony requires an identifiable knowledge gap that changes how an audience understands a character's words or actions; suspense alone is insufficient.","Mockery and amusement are optional: an instance may be ironic without being sarcastic or funny."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"forms-and-boundaries","name":"Forms and boundaries","description":"Identify the kind of irony proposed and the evidence that distinguishes it from neighbouring phenomena.","layers":[{"id":"verbal-irony","name":"Verbal irony","description":"Examine the relation between an expression and the stance attributed to its speaker.","findings":[{"id":"expression-and-stance","name":"Expression and stance","description":"Record the expression, its literal reading, and the proposed ironic stance without assuming that the intended meaning is always the literal opposite.","questions":[{"text":"What does the expression literally convey, and what stance does the ironic reading attribute to its speaker?","id":"expression-and-stance-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What evidence distinguishes this reading from a lie, a mistake, hyperbole, or straightforward mockery?","id":"expression-and-stance-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"dramatic-and-situational-irony","name":"Dramatic and situational irony","description":"Distinguish discrepancies in knowledge from discrepancies between expectations and outcomes.","findings":[{"id":"knowledge-or-outcome-contrast","name":"Knowledge or outcome contrast","description":"Specify the knowledge gap or expectation reversal that makes an event or scene a candidate instance.","questions":[{"text":"Does the proposed irony depend on an audience knowing something a character does not, or on an outcome frustrating an identifiable expectation?","id":"knowledge-or-outcome-contrast-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What makes this contrast ironic rather than merely suspenseful, unfortunate, contradictory, or surprising?","id":"knowledge-or-outcome-contrast-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"competing-accounts","name":"Competing accounts","description":"Preserve alternative explanations of how irony works and how they classify disputed examples.","layers":[{"id":"explanatory-commitments","name":"Explanatory commitments","description":"Record what an account considers necessary for irony and who advances that account.","findings":[{"id":"account-specific-criteria","name":"Account-specific criteria","description":"Compare candidate accounts involving meaning opposition, echoed viewpoints, pretended performance, or incongruity without assuming they cover the same phenomena.","questions":[{"text":"Which account is being applied, who advances it, and what source establishes its criteria?","id":"account-specific-criteria-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does this account require opposition of meaning, an invoked viewpoint, pretence, evaluative distance, or some other condition?","id":"account-specific-criteria-q02","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"classification-procedures","name":"Classification procedures","description":"Make practical identification methods and their limitations explicit.","findings":[{"id":"operationalisation-and-disagreement","name":"Operationalisation and disagreement","description":"Record whether a classification rests on participant reports, contextual interpretation, annotation rules, or another procedure.","questions":[{"text":"What instructions and evidence would an annotator use to classify this example as ironic?","id":"operationalisation-and-disagreement-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which examples change classification under another account, and what criterion causes the disagreement?","id":"operationalisation-and-disagreement-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"context-and-cues","name":"Context and cues","description":"Capture the contextual contrasts and expressive signals that support an ironic reading.","layers":[{"id":"invoked-background","name":"Invoked background","description":"Identify the expectation, utterance, norm, or purpose against which the instance is interpreted.","findings":[{"id":"recoverable-reference-point","name":"Recoverable reference point","description":"Record the reference point and its holder, distinguishing documented background from an interpreter's reconstruction.","questions":[{"text":"Whose statement, expectation, norm, or purpose supplies the relevant contrast?","id":"recoverable-reference-point-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Was that reference point available before the utterance or outcome, or reconstructed after it?","id":"recoverable-reference-point-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"expressive-signals","name":"Expressive signals","description":"Assess wording, delivery, visual presentation, and contextual mismatch as possible cues.","findings":[{"id":"cue-evidence","name":"Cue evidence","description":"Record observable cues separately from interpretive conclusions; no single tone, punctuation mark, or phrase is treated as sufficient by itself.","questions":[{"text":"Which words, prosodic features, gestures, images, or contextual mismatches support the ironic interpretation?","id":"cue-evidence-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Would the interpretation remain supported if the suspected cue were removed or the expression appeared in another context?","id":"cue-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"perspectives-and-uptake","name":"Perspectives and uptake","description":"Represent differences between intended, available, and actually observed interpretations.","layers":[{"id":"intention-and-attribution","name":"Intention and attribution","description":"Separate what a speaker intended from what interpreters infer.","findings":[{"id":"attribution-basis","name":"Attribution basis","description":"Record acknowledgements, denials, and contextual inferences while leaving non-agentic situational irony without a presumed author.","questions":[{"text":"Is ironic intent acknowledged, inferred, denied, unknown, or inapplicable, and what supports that status?","id":"attribution-basis-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Can the example remain ironic under the chosen account if no participant intended it?","id":"attribution-basis-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"audience-access","name":"Audience access","description":"Track the background knowledge available to each audience at the relevant time.","findings":[{"id":"recognition-and-knowledge-gap","name":"Recognition and knowledge gap","description":"Distinguish the possibility of recognising irony from evidence that recognition occurred.","questions":[{"text":"Who knows the facts needed to recognise the irony at this moment, and who lacks them?","id":"recognition-and-knowledge-gap-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What observed response supports recognition or misunderstanding, rather than merely an interpreter's assumption?","id":"recognition-and-knowledge-gap-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"response-and-recontextualisation","name":"Response and recontextualisation","description":"Support appropriate responses and preserve interpretable irony when content moves between contexts.","layers":[{"id":"interaction-and-repair","name":"Interaction and repair","description":"Relate the inferred stance, target, and audience uptake to the next conversational action.","findings":[{"id":"response-selection","name":"Response selection","description":"Choose a response based on the strength of the interpretation and the consequences of misunderstanding.","questions":[{"text":"Who or what is evaluated by the irony, and what evidence supports an affectionate, critical, resigned, or other stance?","id":"response-selection-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Should the agent acknowledge the irony, answer the underlying concern, seek clarification, or repair a literal misunderstanding?","id":"response-selection-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"quotation-and-translation","name":"Quotation and translation","description":"Track changes to irony when expressions are excerpted, translated, summarised, or explained.","findings":[{"id":"preserving-interpretive-support","name":"Preserving interpretive support","description":"Identify which cues and knowledge relations must survive a transformation and when explanation would reveal narrative information prematurely.","questions":[{"text":"Which cues or background facts disappear in the proposed quotation, translation, or summary?","id":"preserving-interpretive-support-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What context or wording should be retained to preserve the ironic reading without overstating certainty or introducing an unwanted spoiler?","id":"preserving-interpretive-support-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain kinds of irony with examples, noting competing theories.","Flag when a statement may be ironic and its intent is unclear."],"mustNot":["Present an ironic statement by a real person as their sincere view.","Treat a sincere statement as ironic to dismiss it.","Use irony to deceive people who cannot recognise it, such as in fraud or disinformation."],"requiresHuman":["Publishing an interpretation of a named person's remark as ironic or sincere."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Misreading irony can damage reputations and fuel online pile-ons.","Irony is used to disguise hateful messages as jokes."],"affectedParties":["Speakers misread","Audiences","Groups targeted under the cover of irony"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the device; speakers answer for what they say.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1047050","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q843227","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.irony","Wikidata: Q131361 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131361)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Irony form: verbal; dramatic; situational; mixed; disputed","Discrepancy relation: expression-stance; character-audience knowledge; expectation-outcome; overlapping relations","Attributed intention: explicitly acknowledged; inferred; denied; unknown; not applicable","Invoked expectation or viewpoint: Links the instance to a prior utterance, social norm, character belief, prediction, promise, or purpose, with its holder identified.","Expressed stance: critical; amused; affectionate; resigned; self-directed; ambivalent; other; unresolved","Knowledge distribution: What each speaker, character, addressee, and audience knows at the relevant moment","Interpretation status: candidate; supported; contested; rejected; unresolved","Audience uptake: recognised; taken literally; misunderstood in another way; disputed; unobserved"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["A contrast between what is said and what is meant or what happens.","Cues such as tone, exaggeration or context that signal non-literal meaning."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Annotate a candidate instance with its literal content, relevant contrast, stance, and contextual evidence.","Compare literal, ironic, sarcastic, deceptive, and merely coincidental interpretations.","Track who can recognise the irony at a particular point in a conversation or narrative.","Explain an ironic reading while preserving ambiguity and avoiding unrequested narrative spoilers.","Choose whether to acknowledge the irony, answer literally, request clarification, or repair a misunderstanding.","Assess whether translation or quotation preserves the cues needed for the intended interpretation."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Literal interpretation of an ironic statement can produce an inappropriate response or action.","Mistaking sincere speech for irony can dismiss genuine needs or concerns.","Ironic criticism can humiliate or alienate an audience when contextual understanding is not shared.","Removing an utterance from its context can reverse its apparent meaning and spread misinformation."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Irony occurs in conversation, literature, performance and commentary where audiences interpret a contrast between apparent and intended meaning.","It can communicate criticism, humor or shared understanding through contextual knowledge.","In narratives and descriptions of events, it can highlight differences between expectations, outcomes and what different participants know."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q131361: irony","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131361","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Irony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which researched accounts best support a common model across verbal, dramatic, and situational irony, and where should their criteria remain separate?","What defensible criterion distinguishes situational irony from coincidence or surprise without relying on expectations reconstructed after the event?","How should the model adjudicate disagreement between a speaker's denial of ironic intent and an audience's well-supported ironic interpretation?","Which annotation procedures reliably distinguish irony from sarcasm, teasing, parody, and hyperbole across languages and communities?","When does sustained ironic ambiguity prevent a stable stance from being recovered, and how should an agent represent that unresolved interpretation?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q131361/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q131361/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T14:09:00Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"not-applicable","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.","interaction.interfaces":"No generally applicable standard, law or official classification governs irony as a rhetorical or narrative concept."},"score":1.0}}