{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.skull","code":"thing-q13147","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q13147/","name":"skull","alternateNames":["orbit","right orbit","left orbit","bird skull","neurocranium","Skulls of Cerberus","Fish skulls","base of skull","osseous skeleton of external nose","osseous skeleton of internal nose","Skeletal system of middle ear","zygomatic arch"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"This model owns the skull as the biological skeletal structure of a head, whether part of an organism or a detached specimen, including its constituent elements, their anatomical relationships and evidence relevant to its condition and permitted treatment; uncertain boundaries around jaws, teeth and associated structures must be recorded explicitly.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise a skull, assess its anatomical completeness and physical state, and determine appropriate examination, handling and use.","scope":{"in":["Recognition of a skull, partial skull or skull element supported by anatomical evidence","Cranial elements and their relationships to the braincase, face, jaws and tooth-bearing regions where applicable","Anatomical completeness, articulation and association of detached elements","Observable preservation, damage, alteration and structural stability","Specimen origin, identification confidence and restrictions affecting examination or handling"],"out":["The organism's complete anatomy, life history and health record","Brain, sensory organs and other soft tissues as independently modelled structures","Postcranial skeleton and whole-body remains management","Standalone dental models and detailed tooth-level treatment","Skull-shaped artwork, protective helmets and manufactured replicas as physical artefacts","Legal determinations, clinical diagnoses and forensic conclusions requiring specialist assessment"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Identify anatomical evidence of a head skeleton, such as a braincase region and related openings or facial elements, rather than relying on a skull-like silhouette.","Distinguish a complete skull from an isolated jaw, tooth or cranial fragment by recording which anatomical regions are actually represented.","Distinguish skull from postcranial bone through supported anatomical landmarks and relationships; retain an unresolved classification when these are absent.","Distinguish biological remains from a cast, reconstruction or replica using material observations and documented manufacture or specimen history.","Distinguish one associated skull from a composite assembly by checking element fit, duplication, preservation differences and provenance."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"skull-identity-and-boundary","name":"Skull identity and boundary","description":"Establish what evidence makes the subject a skull and which anatomical structures the model includes.","layers":[{"id":"anatomical-recognition","name":"Anatomical recognition","description":"Record the anatomical and material evidence supporting skull identification.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-for-skull-identification","name":"Evidence for skull identification","description":"Capture observed cranial landmarks and material evidence without treating appearance alone as identification.","questions":[{"text":"Which visible structures support identification as a head skeleton rather than another skeletal element?","id":"evidence-for-skull-identification-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What observations or records distinguish biological skull material from a cast, replica or reconstruction?","id":"evidence-for-skull-identification-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"included-cranial-structures","name":"Included cranial structures","description":"Define the represented skull's anatomical extent and links to neighbouring structures.","findings":[{"id":"jaw-teeth-and-associated-elements","name":"Jaw, teeth and associated elements","description":"Make inclusion decisions explicit for jaws, dentition and other associated head structures.","questions":[{"text":"Does this skull record include the lower jaw and teeth, or link to them as separate things?","id":"jaw-teeth-and-associated-elements-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which attached or associated structures require an explicit boundary decision for the identified organism?","id":"jaw-teeth-and-associated-elements-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"cranial-form-and-completeness","name":"Cranial form and completeness","description":"Describe represented skull anatomy, spatial relationships and reproducible dimensions.","layers":[{"id":"cranial-element-inventory","name":"Cranial element inventory","description":"Account for cranial regions and determine whether their elements belong together.","findings":[{"id":"presence-and-association","name":"Presence and association","description":"Record present and missing elements against a stated anatomical reference, with confidence in their association.","questions":[{"text":"Which expected cranial elements are present, absent, obscured or not assessable, and which reference establishes that expectation?","id":"presence-and-association-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What evidence supports treating detached or reassembled elements as parts of the same skull?","id":"presence-and-association-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"landmarks-and-spatial-form","name":"Landmarks and spatial form","description":"Locate anatomical landmarks and document skull dimensions and alignment.","findings":[{"id":"reproducible-cranial-geometry","name":"Reproducible cranial geometry","description":"Anchor dimensions and shape observations to named landmarks and a recorded orientation.","questions":[{"text":"Which cranial dimensions were measured, between which landmarks, with what method and uncertainty?","id":"reproducible-cranial-geometry-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which apparent asymmetries or alignments can be observed reliably despite missing elements, displacement or reconstruction?","id":"reproducible-cranial-geometry-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"cranial-condition-and-interpretation","name":"Cranial condition and interpretation","description":"Assess the condition of skull structures and distinguish observations from explanations of their origin.","layers":[{"id":"joins-openings-and-breaks","name":"Joins, openings and breaks","description":"Locate structural discontinuities and record the evidence for their classification.","findings":[{"id":"classification-of-discontinuities","name":"Classification of discontinuities","description":"Distinguish recognised anatomical joins and openings from damage or intervention where evidence permits.","questions":[{"text":"Which observed lines or openings are identified as anatomical features, fractures or modifications, and what supports each classification?","id":"classification-of-discontinuities-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which discontinuities remain unresolved or require imaging or specialist examination before interpretation?","id":"classification-of-discontinuities-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"preservation-and-alteration","name":"Preservation and alteration","description":"Record changes affecting cranial surfaces, form and structural stability.","findings":[{"id":"located-condition-observations","name":"Located condition observations","description":"Locate deterioration, deformation and repairs while keeping proposed causes distinct from observed features.","questions":[{"text":"Where are surface loss, deformation, loose teeth, unstable fragments or repaired joins present, and how extensive are they?","id":"located-condition-observations-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What evidence, if any, supports attributing each alteration to biological processes, events after death or later treatment?","id":"located-condition-observations-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"skull-context-and-permitted-intervention","name":"Skull context and permitted intervention","description":"Connect the skull's biological and specimen context to decisions about examination, movement and intervention.","layers":[{"id":"biological-and-specimen-context","name":"Biological and specimen context","description":"Establish the skull's relationship to an organism and the history relevant to its present interpretation.","findings":[{"id":"organism-and-specimen-history","name":"Organism and specimen history","description":"Record whether the skull remains in an organism or exists as a specimen, including documented preparation and custody.","questions":[{"text":"Is the skull part of a living organism, part of remains, or a detached specimen, and which linked record establishes that context?","id":"organism-and-specimen-history-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What documented recovery, preparation, reconstruction or custody history affects interpretation of its anatomy?","id":"organism-and-specimen-history-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"examination-and-handling-decisions","name":"Examination and handling decisions","description":"Evaluate proposed actions against anatomical vulnerability, evidence needs and documented authority.","findings":[{"id":"conditions-for-skull-intervention","name":"Conditions for skull intervention","description":"Specify the evidence and permissions needed for an action involving the skull or its constituent elements.","questions":[{"text":"Which cranial regions, detached elements or repairs constrain support, positioning and movement during the proposed examination?","id":"conditions-for-skull-intervention-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What documented authority and specimen-specific restrictions govern the proposed imaging, cleaning, display, reconstruction or sampling?","id":"conditions-for-skull-intervention-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which anatomical landmarks or future examinations could be compromised by the proposed intervention?","id":"conditions-for-skull-intervention-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe a skull's anatomy, species and condition from observation and published references.","Record a specimen's provenance, catalogue number and handling history.","Flag a skull of possible human origin to the person responsible for the collection."],"mustNot":["Handle, display or trade human skulls outside the laws and ethics that govern human remains.","Disturb a skull found in the field that may be evidence of a crime or a burial.","Treat ancestral remains as curiosities against the wishes of their descendant communities.","Assign identity, age or cause of death to human remains without qualified examination."],"requiresHuman":["Reporting found human remains to the police or coroner.","Returning, transferring or destructively sampling a skull in a collection."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Human skulls are the remains of people and must be treated with dignity.","Many museum skulls were taken from colonised or marginalised peoples without consent."],"affectedParties":["Descendants and source communities","The dead themselves","Collections staff and researchers"]},"owners":{"steward":"The museum or collection holding it, or the coroner where remains are found; for living animals, the keeper.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Museum collection catalogues","Coroner and forensic records"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q112826975","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q28659665","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q66591855","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.skull","Wikidata: Q13147 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13147)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Biological identification: Supported taxonomic assignment or unresolved; record evidence and confidence","Anatomical representation: Inventory of present, absent, obscured and unassessed cranial regions and elements","Element association: Naturally articulated, detached but associated, reconstructed, composite, or uncertain","Cranial dimensions: Millimetres between explicitly named landmarks, with method and uncertainty","Condition of cranial structures: Located observations of breaks, deformation, surface loss, loose elements and obscured structures","Jaw and dentition inclusion: Included, separately linked, absent, not applicable, or unresolved","Examination permissions: Documented permissions, restrictions and unresolved authority for handling, imaging, display and sampling"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A rounded braincase joined to the facial bones, with eye sockets and a nasal opening.","Teeth set in the upper jaw, with a separate lower jaw in most mammals."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Identify and annotate visible cranial landmarks and openings without forcing an unsupported taxonomic assignment.","Inventory skull elements and link detached jaws, teeth or fragments with explicit association confidence.","Measure or image cranial structures using documented landmarks, orientation and methods.","Assess whether fragile regions, loose teeth or reconstructed joins require support before movement.","Compare observed skull form with documented reference material while separating observation from interpretation.","Determine whether proposed cleaning, reconstruction, display or sampling has adequate condition evidence and authority."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Broken bone edges or exposed teeth can cut or puncture handlers.","Residual tissue, contamination or preservation chemicals can present biological or chemical exposure hazards.","Excessive force or unsuitable storage can fracture fragile structures and destroy anatomical evidence.","Misidentification of species, anatomical features or specimen provenance can undermine research and investigative conclusions."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Terminologia Anatomica, issued by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, provides standardized anatomical names for the human skull and its constituent structures."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["The skull forms the supporting framework of a vertebrate head and protects the brain and associated sensory structures.","Skulls are examined in anatomy, veterinary work, archaeology, paleontology and forensic investigation.","Physical specimens and anatomical representations support identification, comparative study and teaching."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q13147: skull","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13147","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does the registry intend skull to cover all biological head skeletons, including cartilaginous examples, or a narrower anatomical class?","Should lower jaws, teeth and other associated cranial structures have a uniform inclusion rule or a documented convention for each taxonomic group?","What minimum anatomical evidence justifies classifying an isolated fragment under skull rather than a neighbouring skeletal-element model?","Which reference protocols should govern cranial landmarks, completeness assessments and condition terminology across different organisms?","Which neighbouring models own human-remains governance, fossil preservation and clinical intervention, and what decision-relevant information must this model retain?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q13147/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q13147/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-06T21:47:00Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}