{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.bitcoin","code":"thing-q131723","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q131723/","name":"Bitcoin","alternateNames":["Kodak KashMiner"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Bitcoin is a decentralized peer-to-peer monetary system whose native asset, bitcoin, is transferred through digitally signed transactions and whose shared transaction history is maintained by nodes enforcing consensus rules and miners performing proof of work.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise Bitcoin, assess the state and spendability of bitcoin holdings and transactions, and determine which actions are technically possible and authorised.","scope":{"in":["Bitcoin mainnet identity, consensus rules and competing interpretations of Bitcoin's monetary role","BTC denomination, issuance and unspent transaction outputs","Transaction construction, validation, propagation and confirmation","Key-based spending control, custody arrangements and action authority","Proof-of-work chain selection, reorganisations and protocol change"],"out":["Generic blockchain and cryptocurrency concepts beyond what distinguishes Bitcoin","Separate fork networks and their native assets","Wrapped BTC, exchange account credits and investment products as independently issued claims","Lightning channel operation and other overlay protocols, except their Bitcoin settlement dependencies","Mining hardware engineering, electricity infrastructure and environmental accounting","Personal investment suitability, portfolio allocation and jurisdiction-specific tax determinations"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Identify Bitcoin mainnet through its genesis and applicable consensus rules; a BTC ticker, address appearance or marketing name alone is insufficient.","Distinguish native bitcoin represented by mainnet unspent transaction outputs from a custodian's balance or a token issued on another network.","Test spending through transaction inputs, output amounts and script conditions rather than assuming a mutable account balance.","Assess chain selection using accumulated proof of work among valid chains, rather than block count alone or an institution's approval.","Distinguish Bitcoin's subsidy schedule from discretionary issuance, while recording the rule set against which issuance is checked."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"bitcoin-identity-and-meaning","name":"Bitcoin identity and meaning","description":"Distinguishes the network, native asset and contested monetary interpretations covered by this entry.","layers":[{"id":"mainnet-and-asset-boundary","name":"Mainnet and asset boundary","description":"Establishes whether the subject is native Bitcoin or a neighbouring network or claim.","findings":[{"id":"native-bitcoin-identification","name":"Native bitcoin identification","description":"Record evidence connecting the subject to Bitcoin mainnet and distinguish native outputs from representations or redemption claims.","questions":[{"text":"Which genesis reference and consensus context identify the network being examined?","id":"native-bitcoin-identification-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Does the purported holding identify mainnet outputs or a claim against another issuer or custodian?","id":"native-bitcoin-identification-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"monetary-interpretations","name":"Monetary interpretations","description":"Records competing accounts of Bitcoin's purpose and use without treating one account as settled.","findings":[{"id":"attributed-economic-claims","name":"Attributed economic claims","description":"Associate descriptions such as money, store of value or speculative asset with their proponents, definitions and evidence.","questions":[{"text":"Who advances this interpretation of Bitcoin, and where is their definition stated?","id":"attributed-economic-claims-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which observable measures would support or challenge that interpretation over a specified period?","id":"attributed-economic-claims-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"bitcoin-amounts-and-issuance","name":"Bitcoin amounts and issuance","description":"Models denomination, output-based holdings and rule-governed creation of bitcoin.","layers":[{"id":"utxo-holdings","name":"UTXO holdings","description":"Represents holdings through identified unspent transaction outputs and explicit aggregation assumptions.","findings":[{"id":"output-based-balance","name":"Output-based balance","description":"Record output references, satoshi amounts and the chain view under which they are unspent.","questions":[{"text":"Which transaction identifiers and output indices contribute to the stated BTC amount?","id":"output-based-balance-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which outputs are excluded because they are spent, immature, locked or outside the relevant control policy?","id":"output-based-balance-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"subsidy-and-supply","name":"Subsidy and supply","description":"Separates permitted issuance, observed issuance and estimates of economically available supply.","findings":[{"id":"supply-accounting-basis","name":"Supply accounting basis","description":"Record the height and rules used for subsidy calculations, distinguishing newly issued value from transaction fees and uncertain loss estimates.","questions":[{"text":"What subsidy is permitted at the assessed height, and how is it distinguished from fees in the coinbase transaction?","id":"supply-accounting-basis-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does the supply claim refer to permitted issuance, actual issuance, unspent value or an estimate excluding inaccessible coins?","id":"supply-accounting-basis-q02","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"bitcoin-transactions-and-settlement","name":"Bitcoin transactions and settlement","description":"Follows a proposed spend through construction, network observation and risk-based acceptance.","layers":[{"id":"transaction-construction","name":"Transaction construction","description":"Connects selected inputs to intended recipients, change and fee requirements.","findings":[{"id":"spend-intent-and-fee","name":"Spend intent and fee","description":"Record how a proposed transaction implements the authorised payment and accounts for every input amount.","questions":[{"text":"Which outputs pay the intended recipients, which return change, and how were their scripts verified?","id":"spend-intent-and-fee-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What total fee and fee rate follow from the input amounts, output amounts and transaction virtual size?","id":"spend-intent-and-fee-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"confirmation-and-conflict","name":"Confirmation and conflict","description":"Tracks observer-dependent propagation, chain inclusion and conflicting spends.","findings":[{"id":"payment-acceptance-state","name":"Payment acceptance state","description":"Record inclusion evidence and the acceptance policy, preserving uncertainty from conflicts and possible reorganisations.","questions":[{"text":"Which node observed the transaction, and what inclusion block and confirmation depth does its current chain view establish?","id":"payment-acceptance-state-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What acceptance threshold and response to replacement, conflicting spends or reorganisation apply to this payment?","id":"payment-acceptance-state-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"bitcoin-control-and-custody","name":"Bitcoin control and custody","description":"Separates script-level spending capability, custody claims and authority to act.","layers":[{"id":"script-and-signing-control","name":"Script and signing control","description":"Describes the evidence and participants required to satisfy an output's spending conditions.","findings":[{"id":"satisfiable-spending-policy","name":"Satisfiable spending policy","description":"Record required signatures, script paths and timing conditions through non-secret references.","questions":[{"text":"Which signatures, script conditions and timelocks must be satisfied to spend these outputs?","id":"satisfiable-spending-policy-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which authorised signing devices or participants can satisfy those conditions, and what evidence establishes their availability?","id":"satisfiable-spending-policy-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"custody-and-authorisation","name":"Custody and authorisation","description":"Distinguishes direct control from intermediary obligations and specifies who may approve a spend.","findings":[{"id":"holding-and-action-authority","name":"Holding and action authority","description":"Record the custody arrangement, withdrawal dependencies and explicit limits on agent actions.","questions":[{"text":"Is the balance directly controlled through Bitcoin spending conditions or dependent on a custodian honouring a withdrawal request?","id":"holding-and-action-authority-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Who may authorise signing or withdrawal, and what recipient, amount and fee limits constrain the agent?","id":"holding-and-action-authority-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"bitcoin-consensus-and-change","name":"Bitcoin consensus and change","description":"Models chain validity, proof-of-work selection and the evidence needed to describe protocol changes.","layers":[{"id":"validation-and-chain-selection","name":"Validation and chain selection","description":"Establishes the validation basis for an observed chain and its selected tip.","findings":[{"id":"validated-chain-view","name":"Validated chain view","description":"Record node software, validation assumptions and chainwork evidence supporting state assessments.","questions":[{"text":"Which node implementation, version and validation assumptions produced this chain view?","id":"validated-chain-view-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What evidence supports selection of this tip by accumulated work among chains valid under the node's rules?","id":"validated-chain-view-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"protocol-evolution","name":"Protocol evolution","description":"Distinguishes proposals, implementation behaviour, activation conditions and actual enforcement.","findings":[{"id":"rule-change-status","name":"Rule change status","description":"Record the specific change and evidence for its status without equating publication, signalling or software release with activation.","questions":[{"text":"Which proposal and implementation sources specify the change and its activation conditions?","id":"rule-change-status-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the assessed behaviour a consensus rule, local relay or mining policy, wallet convention or separate network rule?","id":"rule-change-status-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Bitcoin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Bitcoin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Bitcoin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Bitcoin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Bitcoin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Bitcoin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Bitcoin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Bitcoin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain how the system works and its history in general terms, citing sources.","Report public network data, such as block height or published prices, with their source and time.","Warn users of the risks of loss, volatility and fraud."],"mustNot":["Execute trades, transfers or custody on someone's behalf.","Request, store or handle private keys or recovery phrases.","Give personalized investment advice or promise returns.","Help launder money, evade sanctions or extort payment, such as through ransomware.","Promote schemes that impersonate the network or its developers to defraud people."],"requiresHuman":["Any purchase, sale or transfer of the asset.","Decisions about a person's savings or a company's treasury held in the asset."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Irreversible transfers mean that scams and mistakes leave victims without remedy.","Proof-of-work mining uses large amounts of energy with environmental and local effects."],"affectedParties":["Holders and investors","Victims of fraud and ransomware","Communities near mining sites"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody as a whole: a decentralized network; each holder answers for their own keys and transactions.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q4290","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.bitcoin","Wikidata: Q131723 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131723)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Referent sense: network | native asset | protocol | monetary practice","Network identity: Genesis block reference, network designation and consensus-rule context","Amount: Integer satoshis; 100,000,000 satoshis per BTC","Observed chain tip: Block hash, height, accumulated chainwork, observation time and observing node","Output spendability: Unspent status, script requirements, maturity or timelock conditions and available signing capability","Transaction status: Constructed | partially signed | signed | observed unconfirmed | confirmed | conflicted; qualified by observer and time","Confirmation depth: Blocks, relative to a named chain tip; zero if unconfirmed","Transaction fee rate: Satoshis per virtual byte","Control and authority: Output or custody claim linked to signers, spending policy and authorising principal","Monetary interpretation: Attributed interpretations such as payment medium, scarce digital asset, speculative asset or monetary alternative"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Verify a purported Bitcoin network, output or transaction against an explicit mainnet chain view.","Calculate amounts, fees and spendability from identified outputs and their spending conditions.","Prepare and inspect a transaction for recipient, change, fee, privacy and authorisation requirements.","Coordinate authorised signing and broadcast while keeping secret key material outside the model.","Monitor confirmation depth, conflicts and reorganisations against a stated acceptance policy.","Compare attributed monetary claims with specified evidence and operational measures."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Lost keys or mistaken addresses mean permanent loss of funds.","Price swings and fraud can wipe out savings."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Recommendation 15 and its Interpretive Note, issued by the Financial Action Task Force, establish international anti-money-laundering requirements for virtual assets and virtual asset service providers relevant to this currency."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["The system is used to transfer a native digital asset between participants through a shared transaction network.","Agents encounter it through wallets, payment requests, transaction records and custody services when assessing ownership claims, payment status or authorised spending."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q131723: Bitcoin","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131723","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which existing Vercy world model, if any, already owns Bitcoin or part of this scope and should supply the canonical publication?","Which primary protocol references and implementation versions should anchor the researched model at publication time?","How should network-identity disputes and competing monetary definitions be attributed without turning stakeholder claims into settled classifications?","Which payment contexts require distinct confirmation, conflict and reorganisation response policies?","What evidence is sufficient to distinguish demonstrably unspendable bitcoin from holdings merely presumed lost or inactive?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q131723/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q131723/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T11:22:18Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"not-applicable","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:25+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.","interaction.recognition":"The digital monetary system has no inherent visual appearance, and displayed symbols or wallet screens cannot establish its identity."},"score":1.0}}