{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.combustion","code":"thing-q133235","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q133235/","name":"combustion","alternateNames":["auto-da-fé","necklacing","money burning","barking dog reaction","death by burning","flag burning","paoluo","execution by molten metal","vivi crematio","incineration","open burning of waste","plastic incineration"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.PRC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A high-temperature exothermic reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually oxygen, producing heat, light and combustion products such as carbon dioxide, water and smoke.","purpose":"Let an agent handle combustion scientifically and for safety: fuels, conditions, products, efficiency and fire prevention, without facilitating harm.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Fuel plus oxidant plus heat (fire triangle)","Exothermic redox reaction","Complete and incomplete combustion","Produces pollutants and carbon dioxide"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"chemistry","name":"Chemistry","description":"What happens.","layers":[{"id":"reaction","name":"Reaction","description":"Fuel and oxidant.","findings":[{"id":"reaction-finding","name":"Reaction","description":"Combustion reaction.","questions":[{"text":"What fuel and oxidant are involved?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What products form?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"completeness","name":"Completeness","description":"Complete or not.","findings":[{"id":"completeness-finding","name":"Completeness","description":"Combustion quality.","questions":[{"text":"Is combustion complete, or is carbon monoxide produced?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"How is that detected?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Energy from combustion.","layers":[{"id":"efficiency","name":"Efficiency","description":"Energy conversion.","findings":[{"id":"efficiency-finding","name":"Efficiency","description":"Efficiency.","questions":[{"text":"How efficient is the combustion system?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How can it be improved?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"emissions","name":"Emissions","description":"Pollutants.","findings":[{"id":"emissions-finding","name":"Emissions","description":"Emissions.","questions":[{"text":"What does it emit?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which standards apply?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"safety","name":"Safety","description":"Fire and CO.","layers":[{"id":"fire","name":"Fire prevention","description":"Fire triangle.","findings":[{"id":"fire-finding","name":"Fire prevention","description":"Fire prevention.","questions":[{"text":"How can fires be prevented here?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which extinguisher suits this fuel?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"co","name":"Carbon monoxide","description":"Poisoning.","findings":[{"id":"co-finding","name":"Carbon monoxide","description":"CO safety.","questions":[{"text":"Are CO alarms fitted near combustion appliances?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What are the symptoms of CO poisoning?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"limits","name":"Limits","description":"No harmful help.","layers":[{"id":"refusal","name":"Refusal","description":"Harmful requests.","findings":[{"id":"refusal-finding","name":"Refusal","description":"When to decline.","questions":[{"text":"Is the request about causing harm with fire?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"How should the agent decline?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"education","name":"Education","description":"Safe teaching.","findings":[{"id":"education-finding","name":"Education","description":"Safe teaching.","questions":[{"text":"Can this be taught safely at this level?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What supervision is needed?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Monitor combustion in boilers, engines and furnaces it is authorized to operate.","Report smoke, carbon monoxide and fire alarms to people and emergency services."],"mustNot":["Start or allow a fire where it is banned or unsafe.","Bypass flame safeguards, ventilation or exhaust systems.","Run combustion indoors where carbon monoxide can build up.","Help start fires to damage property or harm people."],"requiresHuman":["Lighting an open fire or controlled burn.","Restarting equipment after a fire or a gas alarm."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Uncontrolled combustion kills through fire and carbon monoxide.","Burning fuels pollutes air and drives climate change."],"affectedParties":["Occupants and bystanders","Firefighters","People breathing polluted air"]},"owners":{"steward":"The operator of the appliance or plant; fire and environmental authorities regulate it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1322005","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q205949","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q82682","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"chemical reaction","type":"related","note":"redox"},{"target":"smoke and energy","type":"related","note":"products"},{"target":"fire and conflagration","type":"related","note":"events"},{"target":"carbon dioxide","type":"related","note":"emissions"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.combustion","Wikidata: Q133235 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["adiabatic flame temperature of methane in air: about 1950 degrees C","oxygen needed to sustain most fires: above about 15 percent by volume"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Flame and heat","Smoke and soot","Clean and incomplete combustion differ in colour and smoke","Flames, glow, heat and smoke."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["use it in engines and heating","improve efficiency and reduce emissions","prevent and extinguish fires","study it in chemistry"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Fires and burns","Carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion","Air pollution","Requests to cause harm with fire, which must be refused"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Emission standards for engines and boilers","Fire safety regulations","EU Industrial Emissions Directive"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Combustion powers engines, heating and cooking, and is the chemistry of fire.","complete and incomplete combustion","flaming and smouldering","engine and boiler combustion","explosions as rapid combustion"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q133235: combustion","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Combustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should combustion regimes be separate entries?","How should emissions data be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming acts of violence; they should be removed from display."],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q133235/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q133235/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T06:37:34Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:54+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}