{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.ground-support-system","code":"thing-q1365426","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1365426/","name":"ground support system","alternateNames":["tunnel lining"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.5","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.BLT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The engineering measures that hold up and reinforce the rock or soil around underground openings such as mine shafts, drifts and tunnels, including rock bolts, cable bolts, mesh, shotcrete, steel sets and linings.","purpose":"Let an agent describe ground support by type, design basis and condition, and route safety and design decisions to qualified engineers.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Supports the ground around an opening, unlike surface retaining walls.","Reinforcement (bolts) works within the rock; support (sets, linings) carries loads at the surface.","Tunnel linings may give initial support, permanent support or both."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"system","name":"System","description":"What support is installed.","layers":[{"id":"elements","name":"Elements","description":"Bolts, mesh, shotcrete, sets.","findings":[{"id":"support-elements","name":"Support elements","description":"Types and pattern.","questions":[{"text":"Which support elements are installed?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"In what pattern and spacing?","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"design-basis","name":"Design basis","description":"Ground conditions and method.","findings":[{"id":"design-basis","name":"Design basis","description":"Rock mass rating and design method.","questions":[{"text":"Which ground classification and design method were used?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Who approved the design?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"ground-conditions","name":"Ground conditions","description":"Rock and soil.","layers":[{"id":"rock-mass","name":"Rock mass","description":"Quality and structure.","findings":[{"id":"rock-mass-quality","name":"Rock mass quality","description":"Classification values.","questions":[{"text":"What is the rock mass quality?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which joints and faults are present?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"stress-and-water","name":"Stress and water","description":"In-situ stress and groundwater.","findings":[{"id":"loading","name":"Loading","description":"Stress and water conditions.","questions":[{"text":"What stresses act on the opening?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Is groundwater present?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"inspection","name":"Inspection","description":"Condition of support.","layers":[{"id":"inspection","name":"Inspection","description":"Routine checks.","findings":[{"id":"inspection-record","name":"Inspection record","description":"Installation date, as-built specifications, quality checks and findings.","questions":[{"text":"What did the last inspection find?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"When is the next one due?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"monitoring","name":"Monitoring","description":"Instruments.","findings":[{"id":"monitoring-data","name":"Monitoring data","description":"Convergence and loads.","questions":[{"text":"What do convergence or load instruments show?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Are trigger levels exceeded?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"safety-and-rules","name":"Safety and rules","description":"Regulation and response.","layers":[{"id":"rules","name":"Rules","description":"Applicable regulations.","findings":[{"id":"regulation","name":"Regulation","description":"Rules and plans.","questions":[{"text":"Which ground control rules apply?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is there an approved ground control plan?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"response","name":"Response","description":"After a fall of ground.","findings":[{"id":"incident-response","name":"Incident response","description":"Reporting and investigation.","questions":[{"text":"Was a fall of ground reported?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Who investigates it?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["describe support types and inspection data","point to rules"],"mustNot":["declare ground safe to enter","change support design without a qualified engineer"],"requiresHuman":["any decision on entry, design or repair"]},"ethics":{"considerations":["worker safety underground"],"affectedParties":["miners and tunnel workers"]},"owners":{"steward":"the mine or tunnel operator, under the mining or construction regulator","roles":[],"masterSystems":["ground control management plans and inspection records"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q811430","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"mine","type":"related","note":"underground workings"},{"target":"tunnel","type":"related","note":"civil structure"},{"target":"rockfall","type":"related","note":"main hazard"},{"target":"geotechnical engineering","type":"related","note":"discipline"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.ground-support-system","Wikidata: Q1365426 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365426)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["rock bolt length: 1.5-6 m - typical; cable bolts are longer"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Bolt face plates in a pattern on the rock","Welded mesh or sprayed concrete on walls and roof","Steel arches or concrete segments","Bolt plates and mesh on rock faces, sprayed concrete surfaces, steel arches or segmental concrete lining in tunnels."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify ground support types","explain design approaches in general terms","record inspection findings","point to regulations"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Rockfalls and collapses","Corrosion of bolts and mesh","Seismic events in deep mines"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["EN 1997 Eurocode 7 geotechnical design (CEN), which is not a complete tunnel-support code","US MSHA ground control rules for metal and nonmetal mines, 30 CFR 57.3203, 57.3360 and 57.3401","ASTM F432 roof and rock bolts and accessories","National tunnelling codes"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Preventing rockfalls and collapse and keeping underground openings safe and usable.","rock bolts","cable bolts","mesh and straps","shotcrete","steel sets and arches","timber sets","segmental and cast tunnel linings"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Q1365426","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365426","note":"identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks"},{"title":"Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road Tunnels - Civil Elements","url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/pubs/nhi09010/tunnel_manual.pdf","note":"tunnel support"},{"title":"Shotcrete Design and Installation Compliance Testing","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/publications/numbered/2015-107.html","note":"shotcrete in mines"},{"title":"30 CFR Part 57 Subpart B - Ground Control","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-30/chapter-I/subchapter-K/part-57/subpart-B","note":"US ground control rules"},{"title":"Prospects for designing tunnels in the context of the Eurocodes","url":"https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2022-11/JRC%20Report_%20Tunnels%20design%20and%20Eurocodes_2022_11_02%20%28no%20Annex%20C%29.pdf","note":"Eurocodes and tunnels"}],"openQuestions":["Should tunnel linings have their own entry?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1365426/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1365426/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-10-21T19:39:52Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-21T19:43:53+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 5 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}