{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.insect-flight","code":"thing-q1425266","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1425266/","name":"insect flight","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Insect flight is aerial locomotion by insects using aerodynamic forces generated by wing movements or by airflow over outstretched wings, enabling powered movement, hovering or gliding.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise an insect flight episode, assess its aerodynamic and behavioural state, and determine which observations or interventions are justified.","scope":{"in":["Take-off, sustained airborne movement, manoeuvres, and landing by insects","Wing motion and its relationship to body motion and aerodynamic support","Sensory information and control responses during flight","Flight performance, energetic demand, and environmental constraints","Evidence distinguishing observed flight from inferred capability or experimental artefacts"],"out":["Insect taxonomy, development, and anatomy except as conditions of flight","Walking, swimming, and jumping without an airborne flight phase","Population migration patterns beyond the flight episodes that contribute to them","Aircraft and insect-inspired flying robots","Pollination, predation, and mating outcomes beyond their relationship to flight behaviour"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["The actor must be identified as an insect; similar motion by a bird, bat, or robot belongs to another activity model.","An airborne interval must be distinguished from a ballistic jump, uncontrolled fall, or passive carriage by wind using evidence of aerodynamic support or control.","Wing movement alone does not establish free flight: record whether the insect is airborne, tethered, mechanically supported, or moving its wings on a substrate.","Flight capability is a property of an insect under specified conditions; a flight episode requires evidence of an actual occurrence.","Powered flapping and any unpowered airborne segments must be labelled separately rather than inferred solely from displacement."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"flight-episode-boundaries","name":"Flight episode boundaries","description":"Establishes who is flying and which intervals qualify as insect flight.","layers":[{"id":"flier-and-observation-regime","name":"Flier and observation regime","description":"Connects an episode to an insect and the conditions under which it was observed.","findings":[{"id":"identified-insect-in-flight-assay","name":"Identified insect in a stated assay","description":"Record identification confidence, life stage, relevant condition, and any tether or mechanical support.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence identifies the flier as an insect and establishes its life stage and relevant physical condition?","id":"identified-insect-in-flight-assay-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Was the insect freely airborne, tethered, or externally supported, and which flight claims does that arrangement permit?","id":"identified-insect-in-flight-assay-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"airborne-interval-segmentation","name":"Airborne interval segmentation","description":"Marks transitions between substrate contact, launch, airborne support, and landing.","findings":[{"id":"flight-versus-other-airborne-motion","name":"Flight versus other airborne motion","description":"Record the evidence used to distinguish flight from a jump, fall, or passive wind transport without forcing ambiguous segments into a settled category.","questions":[{"text":"What operational criterion separates the flight interval from any preceding jump or subsequent fall?","id":"flight-versus-other-airborne-motion-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which observations locate take-off and landing, and are either transition or episode endpoint outside the recording?","id":"flight-versus-other-airborne-motion-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"wing-motion-and-aerodynamic-support","name":"Wing motion and aerodynamic support","description":"Relates wing and body movement to proposed support and propulsion mechanisms.","layers":[{"id":"wingbeat-geometry-and-timing","name":"Wingbeat geometry and timing","description":"Describes the motion of each relevant wing relative to the body and other wings.","findings":[{"id":"resolved-wingbeat-pattern","name":"Resolved wingbeat pattern","description":"Record wingbeat frequency, stroke geometry, orientation, deformation where observable, and coordination between wings.","questions":[{"text":"Which wing motions are resolved by the recording, and which could be obscured by occlusion or insufficient sampling?","id":"resolved-wingbeat-pattern-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How do wing timing and left-right motion change between steady flight and a recorded manoeuvre?","id":"resolved-wingbeat-pattern-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"force-and-mechanism-inference","name":"Force and mechanism inference","description":"Links force estimates and aerodynamic interpretations to measurements and modelling assumptions.","findings":[{"id":"supported-aerodynamic-explanation","name":"Supported aerodynamic explanation","description":"Keep direct force or flow observations distinct from forces reconstructed from body motion and mechanisms proposed by simulations.","questions":[{"text":"Are aerodynamic forces measured directly or inferred, and what assumptions account for body mass, acceleration, and external support?","id":"supported-aerodynamic-explanation-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What flow or force evidence supports the proposed mechanism for this insect and flight phase?","id":"supported-aerodynamic-explanation-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"flight-control-and-behaviour","name":"Flight control and behaviour","description":"Describes trajectory changes, sensory conditions, and evidence for behavioural interpretation.","layers":[{"id":"trajectory-and-manoeuvres","name":"Trajectory and manoeuvres","description":"Characterises hovering, translation, turns, and responses to disturbances in explicit reference frames.","findings":[{"id":"measured-manoeuvre","name":"Measured manoeuvre","description":"Record body trajectory and attitude together with local airflow before interpreting an interval as a controlled manoeuvre.","questions":[{"text":"Is the apparent hover or turn defined relative to the ground, surrounding air, or a moving target?","id":"measured-manoeuvre-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What changes in body attitude, velocity, and wing motion distinguish active correction from displacement by a gust?","id":"measured-manoeuvre-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"sensory-cues-and-flight-task","name":"Sensory cues and flight task","description":"Connects available cues and experimental manipulations to claims about flight behaviour.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-for-cue-dependent-control","name":"Evidence for cue-dependent control","description":"Record candidate cues, response timing, controls, and the evidence supporting labels such as pursuit, escape, or landing approach.","questions":[{"text":"Which observed cues or controlled manipulations support the proposed sensory explanation for the response?","id":"evidence-for-cue-dependent-control-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What additional observation or controlled cue change would distinguish the proposed flight task from competing behavioural explanations?","id":"evidence-for-cue-dependent-control-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"performance-and-flight-constraints","name":"Performance and flight constraints","description":"Assesses flight outcomes in relation to energetic demand, organism condition, and the surrounding environment.","layers":[{"id":"effort-duration-and-load","name":"Effort, duration, and load","description":"Records performance and energetic evidence with the insect's load and the limits of the assay.","findings":[{"id":"bounded-performance-estimate","name":"Bounded performance estimate","description":"Separate achieved performance from tested maximum capacity, and measured energetic demand from proxies or aerodynamic estimates.","questions":[{"text":"What speed, flight duration, or carried load was demonstrated, and did the assay actually test a limit?","id":"bounded-performance-estimate-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How was energetic demand obtained, and does it represent metabolic power, mechanical power, or an indirect proxy?","id":"bounded-performance-estimate-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"environment-and-flight-outcome","name":"Environment and flight outcome","description":"Connects airflow, temperature, visibility, obstacles, and landing conditions to observed completion or failure.","findings":[{"id":"condition-specific-flight-outcome","name":"Condition-specific flight outcome","description":"Record environmental conditions and terminal events while leaving the cause of a failed or interrupted flight unresolved when evidence is insufficient.","questions":[{"text":"Which environmental conditions were measured at the insect's position during the flight, rather than assumed from room or weather readings?","id":"condition-specific-flight-outcome-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What evidence distinguishes intentional landing, collision, loss of control, and disappearance from the observation field?","id":"condition-specific-flight-outcome-q02","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which condition should be measured or varied next to test the proposed explanation for flight failure?","id":"condition-specific-flight-outcome-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of insect flight this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of insect flight this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of insect flight this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of insect flight this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of insect flight this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of insect flight this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of insect flight this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain how insects fly and the research on insect aerodynamics.","Observe and record flying insects in the field without harming them."],"mustNot":["Harm, capture or immobilize live insects for study beyond what the research permit and ethics review allow.","Collect protected species without a permit.","Present simplified explanations of insect flight as complete accounts."],"requiresHuman":["Experiments on live insects that may cause suffering or death."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Insects are declining in many places and research should not add to the loss.","Animal welfare questions about insects are open and deserve care."],"affectedParties":["Insects","Researchers","Ecosystems"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the phenomenon; wildlife law protects certain species.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1190554","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q89576883","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.insect-flight","Wikidata: Q1425266 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425266)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Flier identity and condition: Link to insect identity, life stage, body condition, and carried load; unknown values explicit","Flight phase: Take-off, climb, transit, hover, turn, descent, landing approach, contact, or unresolved","Flight observation regime: Free flight, tethered wing activity, externally supported flight assay, or unresolved","Airborne support mode: Powered flapping, unpowered aerodynamic segment, mixed, passive transport, or unresolved","Wingbeat frequency: Hz, with sampling interval, estimation method, and uncertainty","Wing kinematics: Stroke amplitude and wing orientation in degrees; timing and inter-wing phase with stated conventions","Body trajectory and attitude: Position in m, velocity in m/s, acceleration in m/s², and orientation in degrees in a declared reference frame","Airspeed and wind: Air-relative velocity and local wind velocity in m/s; measurement location and time specified","Flight duration and continuity: s, with interruptions and observation censoring recorded","Energetic demand estimate: W or W/kg where supported; otherwise a named proxy with its native units"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["An insect remains airborne while its wings beat, although rapid wing movements may appear blurred or require high-speed imaging to resolve.","Powered flight can include sustained hovering or directed changes in trajectory that distinguish it from an unsupported fall.","Gliding involves an airborne insect holding its wings extended without continuous flapping."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Segment a recording into take-off, airborne manoeuvres, and landing with explicit uncertainty.","Compare flight performance across insects after accounting for identity, load, environment, and observation regime.","Evaluate whether wing and body measurements support a proposed aerodynamic explanation.","Identify measurements needed to distinguish active course correction from wind-driven displacement.","Select a flight observation or perturbation protocol suited to a stated behavioural question.","Flag conclusions about endurance, navigation, or energetic demand that exceed the available evidence."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Flight near people can bring stinging or biting insects into contact with exposed skin.","Dispersal by flying insects can spread crop pests or disease vectors between locations.","Collisions with windows, machinery or artificial lighting can injure insects or disrupt their movement.","Misidentifying flight behaviour can lead agents to disturb beneficial insects or misjudge pest activity."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Insect flight occurs in natural habitats, agricultural areas and built environments during feeding, dispersal, migration, courtship and escape.","It is studied in ecology, pest monitoring and biomechanics to understand movement, pollination and wing-generated aerodynamic forces."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1425266: insect flight","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425266","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Insect flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_flight","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which operational definition should govern the boundary between insect flight, controlled aerial descent, and passive wind transport?","Which wing-kinematic descriptors allow useful comparisons across insect groups without hiding differences in wing arrangement and actuation?","What evidence is sufficient to attribute a manoeuvre to a particular sensory control mechanism rather than a correlated cue?","Under which conditions can tethered measurements support conclusions about free-flight performance or energetic demand?","Which validated protocols distinguish voluntary flight termination from physiological endurance limits across the insect groups being modelled?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1425266/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1425266/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T10:30:03Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"not-applicable","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:26+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.","interaction.interfaces":"No specific standard, law or official classification governs insect flight itself across species and settings."},"score":1.0}}