{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.dust-bathing","code":"thing-q1477399","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1477399/","name":"dust bathing","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Dust bathing is a self-maintenance behaviour in which an animal works loose, usually dry particulate material through its feathers or fur by movements such as crouching, rolling, rubbing or shaking.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise and assess an animal's dust-bathing activity, record its conditions and progression, and identify appropriate observation or habitat-management actions.","scope":{"in":["Observed dust-bathing bouts and their species-specific behavioural components","Animals participating in a bout and their bodily contact with substrate","Substrate and bathing-site conditions relevant to performing the activity","Access, motivation indicators, interruptions, and social context","Observed effects on body covering and subsequent behaviour","Incomplete or substrate-free performances provisionally classified as dust-bathing attempts"],"out":["Water bathing and swimming as distinct activities","Preening, licking, scratching, and other grooming outside the dust-bathing sequence","Mud wallowing and wet-substrate bathing","Incidental dust exposure or contamination without bathing behaviour","The complete husbandry system or habitat of the participating animal","Diagnosis and treatment of skin disease or parasite infestation"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Loose particles contact the body through a patterned behavioural sequence; merely walking over dusty ground does not establish dust bathing.","The bathing medium is predominantly dry particulate material; water bathing and mud wallowing require separate classification.","Classification uses the species-appropriate combination of posture, substrate-directed movements, and body contact rather than treating every roll as dust bathing.","Dust bathing involves engagement with a substrate or a recognisable attempt to perform that sequence; isolated scratching or preening is insufficient.","A substrate-free performance may qualify as an attempted or sham bout only when supported by an explicit behavioural coding rule."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"dust-bathing-recognition","name":"Dust-bathing recognition","description":"Establishes which observed performances count as dust bathing and how their boundaries are recorded.","layers":[{"id":"species-specific-performance","name":"Species-specific performance","description":"Connects observable body movements and substrate contact to a documented recognition rule.","findings":[{"id":"diagnostic-movement-pattern","name":"Diagnostic movement pattern","description":"Record the combination and order of postures, movements, and body-region contacts used to classify the performance, including uncertainty.","questions":[{"text":"Which observable movements and substrate contacts distinguish dust bathing from ordinary rolling, scratching, or foraging in this species?","id":"diagnostic-movement-pattern-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which ethogram or directly inspected study supports those recognition criteria for this species and life stage?","id":"diagnostic-movement-pattern-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"bout-boundaries-and-attempts","name":"Bout boundaries and attempts","description":"Defines the observation unit and handles pauses, incomplete recordings, and performances without effective substrate contact.","findings":[{"id":"bout-segmentation","name":"Bout segmentation","description":"Apply explicit start, pause, and termination rules; record attempted or sham bathing separately from bouts with substrate contact.","questions":[{"text":"What event starts a bout, and how long may a pause last before resumed bathing becomes a new bout?","id":"bout-segmentation-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What evidence permits a substrate-free or incomplete sequence to be coded as a dust-bathing attempt rather than another activity?","id":"bout-segmentation-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"bathing-substrate-and-site","name":"Bathing substrate and site","description":"Records the particulate medium and the physical place in which dust bathing occurs.","layers":[{"id":"particulate-medium","name":"Particulate medium","description":"Characterises the material actually contacted during the bout.","findings":[{"id":"substrate-condition","name":"Substrate condition","description":"Record material identity, particle size, moisture, depth, and observed contamination without equating apparent dryness with suitability.","questions":[{"text":"What material, particle-size distribution, moisture level, and usable depth were present where the animal bathed?","id":"substrate-condition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What species-specific evidence supports judging this substrate suitable, unsuitable, or still unassessed?","id":"substrate-condition-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"site-usability","name":"Site usability","description":"Assesses whether the animal can reach the site and carry out its bathing movements there.","findings":[{"id":"usable-bathing-space","name":"Usable bathing space","description":"Record accessible bathing area, clearance for the observed movements, shelter conditions, and physical obstacles.","questions":[{"text":"Can the animal reach the substrate and perform its dust-bathing movements within the available space?","id":"usable-bathing-space-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which site change could address an observed physical constraint, and what evidence would establish that it helped?","id":"usable-bathing-space-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"opportunity-and-bout-context","name":"Opportunity and bout context","description":"Relates observed bathing to access history, timing, and interactions with other animals.","layers":[{"id":"access-and-timing","name":"Access and timing","description":"Places bouts and non-occurrence within a documented window of opportunity and observation.","findings":[{"id":"opportunity-adjusted-participation","name":"Opportunity-adjusted participation","description":"Record observation effort, periods of usable substrate access, and the timing of bouts relative to changes in access.","questions":[{"text":"How much observed time included access to a usable dust-bathing site, and how many bouts or attempts occurred during it?","id":"opportunity-adjusted-participation-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What additional evidence is needed before interpreting non-use or increased use after access restoration as a motivation or welfare indicator?","id":"opportunity-adjusted-participation-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"social-access-and-interruption","name":"Social access and interruption","description":"Records how nearby animals influence site entry and bout continuation.","findings":[{"id":"socially-conditioned-bouts","name":"Socially conditioned bouts","description":"Distinguish simultaneous bathing, tolerated proximity, exclusion, displacement, and unrelated nearby activity.","questions":[{"text":"Which observed interactions allowed, delayed, prevented, or terminated this animal's dust bathing?","id":"socially-conditioned-bouts-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Would changing the number, placement, or capacity of bathing sites address the documented access problem, and how should the result be observed?","id":"socially-conditioned-bouts-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"outcomes-and-management","name":"Outcomes and management","description":"Separates directly observed consequences from proposed biological functions and uses the evidence to guide management.","layers":[{"id":"body-covering-effects","name":"Body-covering effects","description":"Links bathing to measured changes in feathers, fur, skin, or retained particles where applicable.","findings":[{"id":"observed-versus-inferred-effects","name":"Observed versus inferred effects","description":"Record paired measurements, methods, timing, and alternative explanations before assigning a function or benefit to the bout.","questions":[{"text":"What change in the animal's body covering or retained material was measured before and after dust bathing, and at what interval?","id":"observed-versus-inferred-effects-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which directly inspected evidence supports the proposed function in this species, and does it establish causation or only association?","id":"observed-versus-inferred-effects-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"evidence-guided-adjustment","name":"Evidence-guided adjustment","description":"Connects documented constraints or adverse observations to a specific, reviewable management response.","findings":[{"id":"bathing-opportunity-review","name":"Bathing opportunity review","description":"Specify the observed problem, proposed adjustment, and follow-up criteria while keeping clinical judgments in the appropriate neighbouring model.","questions":[{"text":"What documented bathing constraint or adverse observation justifies changing the substrate, access schedule, or site arrangement?","id":"bathing-opportunity-review-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which follow-up observations would show improved bathing opportunity or indicate that the adjustment should be reconsidered?","id":"bathing-opportunity-review-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of dust bathing this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of dust bathing this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of dust bathing this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of dust bathing this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of dust bathing this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of dust bathing this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of dust bathing this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain dust bathing as normal maintenance behaviour in birds and mammals.","Report to the keeper when animals in its care have no dry substrate for dust bathing."],"mustNot":["Keep animals in housing that prevents dust bathing where welfare rules or the keeper's policy require it.","Provide substrate treated with chemicals that are unsafe for the species.","Disturb wild animals while they dust bathe for photographs or study."],"requiresHuman":["Changing the housing or bedding of kept animals."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Being unable to dust bathe causes frustration and poorer plumage and skin in many species.","Farm housing choices weigh animal welfare against cost."],"affectedParties":["Poultry and other kept animals","Wild birds","Animal keepers"]},"owners":{"steward":"The keeper of the animals; welfare authorities set housing rules for farmed animals.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q17007332","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q2990593","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.dust-bathing","Wikidata: Q1477399 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477399)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Participating animal: Reference to an identified animal or observed group, with species and identification confidence","Bout classification: Dust bathing; probable dust bathing; attempted or sham dust bathing; other activity; indeterminate","Behavioural sequence: Ordered, timestamped codes from a named species-specific ethogram","Bout duration: Seconds, with explicit start, end, pause, and observation-censoring rules","Substrate properties: Particle-size distribution in micrometres or millimetres; depth in centimetres; moisture percentage with measurement basis","Body-region contact: Species-appropriate body regions contacted, with visible particle penetration or coating recorded separately","Bathing opportunity: Accessible; physically inaccessible; socially blocked; substrate absent; suitability uncertain","Bout termination: Apparent spontaneous cessation; social interruption; environmental interruption; observer interruption; observation ended; unknown","Measured post-bout change: Links to paired observations or measurements of body covering, particle retention, or subsequent behaviour"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["The animal lowers its body into loose substrate and uses repeated rubbing, rolling or limb movements to bring particles into contact with its coat or plumage.","Birds commonly ruffle their feathers and perform wing movements while settled in a shallow patch of loose material.","A bout often includes a final shake that releases particles, helping distinguish bathing from simple resting on bare ground."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Annotate recordings to identify and segment dust-bathing bouts using a documented ethogram.","Compare bout patterns across substrates while retaining species, access, and observation conditions.","Identify blocked access or repeated unsuccessful bathing attempts for husbandry review.","Assess proposed bathing-site changes against species-specific evidence and observed use.","Link before-and-after measurements to a bout to investigate its effects.","Flag ambiguous performances and unsupported functional interpretations for further observation."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Airborne particles can irritate the respiratory systems and eyes of animals and nearby people.","Contaminated or unsuitable substrate can expose animals to harmful substances or cause skin and eye injury.","Restricted access to suitable bathing material can frustrate species-typical behaviour and impair welfare.","Mistaking persistent irritation or abnormal rolling for ordinary dust bathing can delay recognition of illness."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Council Directive 1999/74/EC, issued by the Council of the European Union, establishes minimum protection standards for laying hens and includes litter provisions permitting pecking and scratching in specified housing systems relevant to dust-bathing opportunities."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Dust bathing occurs in birds and some mammals in natural habitats and managed environments where suitable loose substrate is available.","Animals use it as part of feather or fur maintenance, with its functions and movement patterns varying by species.","Welfare observation considers access to suitable substrate and whether animals can complete their normal bathing behaviour."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1477399: dust bathing","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477399","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Dust bathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_bathing","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which species-specific ethograms provide reliable criteria for distinguishing dust bathing from rolling, wallowing, and other grooming?","Under what evidence-based conditions should substrate-free performances count as sham dust bathing, attempted bathing, or an unclassified activity?","Which substrate properties and usable-space requirements matter for each species, and where are suitability thresholds unsupported?","Which proposed functions of dust bathing are experimentally supported in each species, and which remain hypotheses or context-dependent effects?","How should bathing frequency, interrupted bouts, and changes after restricted access be interpreted without treating any single measure as a sufficient welfare assessment?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1477399/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1477399/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T09:21:01Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:26+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}