{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.ash","code":"thing-q152079","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q152079/","name":"ash","alternateNames":["volcanic ash","fly ash","joss ash","kelp ash","cremains","incinerator bottom ash","ember","plant ash","bottom ash","bone ash","lignite fly ash"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Ash is the non-aqueous, non-gaseous residue remaining after burning, including inorganic and carbonaceous solid remains, typically a heterogeneous mixture of oxides, silicates, carbonates, sulfates and unburned carbon whose composition depends on the parent material and thermal history.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise an ash lot, assess its condition and uncertainties, and determine what evidence is needed before handling, storing, treating, using or disposing of it.","scope":{"in":["An identifiable ash lot, deposit or stream with recorded boundaries","Feedstock, combustion and collection history relevant to ash identity","Mineral residue, residual carbon and materials mixed into the ash","Particle condition, moisture, heat and changes during storage","Evidence supporting handling, treatment, reuse or disposal decisions"],"out":["The original fuel, biomass, waste or other feedstock as a separate thing","The furnace, boiler, incinerator or other combustion equipment","Smoke, flue gas and airborne emissions as independently tracked streams","Charcoal, char and soot when identified and managed as separate materials","Products manufactured using ash and environmental media receiving ash","Volcanic ash, pending clarification of the registry boundary"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Establish whether the material formed through combustion; appearance alone does not distinguish combustion ash from mineral dust or volcanic particles.","Use composition and formation evidence to distinguish predominantly mineral residue from separately identified char or soot; retain mixed or uncertain classifications where necessary.","Record collection position to distinguish ash recovered from a gas stream from residue recovered at the combustion bed or bottom.","Check whether apparent lumps are agglomerated ash, fused residue or foreign rubble before treating them as the same material.","Determine whether ash remains an identifiable material or has become an ingredient within a soil mixture, binder or manufactured product."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"ash-origin-and-identity","name":"Ash origin and identity","description":"Establishes what produced the ash and where the identified material begins and ends.","layers":[{"id":"combustion-lineage","name":"Combustion lineage","description":"Connects the residue to feedstocks, combustion events and collection positions.","findings":[{"id":"formation-and-collection-evidence","name":"Formation and collection evidence","description":"Records the evidence supporting combustion-ash identity and the collected fraction.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence connects this material to a combustion event and identifies the feedstocks, including any mixed or unknown inputs?","id":"formation-and-collection-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Was it collected from a gas stream, a combustion bed or bottom, or a mixture of collection points?","id":"formation-and-collection-evidence-q02","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"residue-boundaries","name":"Residue boundaries","description":"Distinguishes the ash lot from char, soot, fused residue and subsequent mixtures.","findings":[{"id":"ash-lot-delimitation","name":"Ash lot delimitation","description":"Defines the represented material and preserves uncertainty about mixed constituents.","questions":[{"text":"What physical extent, collection interval or container set defines this ash lot, and where were other fractions combined with it?","id":"ash-lot-delimitation-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What evidence distinguishes this lot from separately managed char, soot, slag or ash-containing products?","id":"ash-lot-delimitation-q02","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"ash-composition-and-evidence","name":"Ash composition and evidence","description":"Records what the ash contains and how reliably the available samples represent it.","layers":[{"id":"representative-characterisation","name":"Representative characterisation","description":"Relates analytical results to heterogeneous fractions and the lot being assessed.","findings":[{"id":"sampling-coverage","name":"Sampling coverage","description":"Records which parts of the lot were sampled and the limitations of extrapolation.","questions":[{"text":"Which depths, collection times and coarse or fine fractions do the ash samples represent?","id":"sampling-coverage-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What sampling variability, unsampled regions or subsequent mixing limits application of the results to the whole lot?","id":"sampling-coverage-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"mineral-carbon-and-contaminant-content","name":"Mineral, carbon and contaminant content","description":"Separates measured constituents, residual carbon and analytical proxies.","findings":[{"id":"composition-with-method","name":"Composition with method","description":"Preserves analytical methods, reporting bases and unresolved constituent identities.","questions":[{"text":"Which mineral phases, elements and potential contaminants were measured, using what methods, reporting bases and detection limits?","id":"composition-with-method-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Was residual carbon measured directly, and if loss on ignition was used, what evidence supports its interpretation for this ash?","id":"composition-with-method-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"ash-condition-and-release","name":"Ash condition and release","description":"Captures the ash's current physical condition and evidence about heat, dust and contact with water.","layers":[{"id":"thermal-and-particle-condition","name":"Thermal and particle condition","description":"Records heat, moisture, particle sizes and consolidation relevant to movement and storage.","findings":[{"id":"current-handling-condition","name":"Current handling condition","description":"Establishes observed conditions without assuming that elapsed cooling time or a dry appearance proves readiness.","questions":[{"text":"What temperatures and trends were measured at the surface and within the ash, and is there evidence of continuing heating or combustion?","id":"current-handling-condition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What are the moisture content, particle-size distribution and degree of crusting or agglomeration at the intended handling time?","id":"current-handling-condition-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"dust-and-water-contact","name":"Dust and water contact","description":"Evaluates release and compatibility under specified handling and contact scenarios.","findings":[{"id":"scenario-specific-release-evidence","name":"Scenario-specific release evidence","description":"Links dust observations, extract chemistry and wetting assessments to the conditions actually considered.","questions":[{"text":"What observations or tests describe dust release during the proposed transfer, disturbance or storage conditions?","id":"scenario-specific-release-evidence-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What do specified extraction and compatibility tests establish about pH, constituent release and response to wetting, and which proposed contact conditions remain untested?","id":"scenario-specific-release-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"ash-treatment-and-destination","name":"Ash treatment and destination","description":"Connects the characterised ash to justified handling actions and destination requirements.","layers":[{"id":"handling-and-conditioning","name":"Handling and conditioning","description":"Identifies controls and treatments that address the lot's measured properties.","findings":[{"id":"condition-dependent-actions","name":"Condition-dependent actions","description":"Records prerequisites for transfer, containment, separation or conditioning and their verification.","questions":[{"text":"Which measured ash conditions determine the containment, cooling, dust-control and transfer measures required before movement?","id":"condition-dependent-actions-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"If screening, wetting, washing or another treatment is proposed, what compatibility evidence and post-treatment checks are required?","id":"condition-dependent-actions-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"destination-specific-acceptance","name":"Destination-specific acceptance","description":"Assesses a particular recovery, reuse or disposal route against explicit requirements.","findings":[{"id":"acceptance-evidence-and-gaps","name":"Acceptance evidence and gaps","description":"Records the criteria, evidence, conditions and unresolved issues for the proposed destination.","questions":[{"text":"Which intended use or receiving facility, jurisdiction and current acceptance criteria govern this ash lot?","id":"acceptance-evidence-and-gaps-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which requirements are met by representative evidence, and what missing tests, treatment or authorisation prevent acceptance?","id":"acceptance-evidence-and-gaps-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe ash by source and composition from analysis records.","Advise on safe handling and disposal of ash."],"mustNot":["Dispose of ash that may still be hot in combustible containers.","Spread industrial or contaminated ash on land or water without permits.","Advise handling fine ash without dust protection.","Treat human cremated remains as ordinary ash."],"requiresHuman":["Deciding on the use of ash on farmland or in building materials."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Industrial ash can contain toxic metals.","Cremated remains carry deep personal and religious meaning."],"affectedParties":["Workers","Communities near disposal sites","Bereaved families"]},"owners":{"steward":"The person or operator that produced it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1128255","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q169336","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q214609","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q903495","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.ash","Wikidata: Q152079 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152079)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Formation and feedstock identity: Linked combustion event and feedstock records; mixed or unknown permitted","Collection fraction: Gas-stream collected, bottom or bed collected, mixed, other, unknown","Lot quantity: kg or t, with wet or dry basis and estimation method","Particle size and agglomeration: Size distribution in µm or mm, with test method and agglomerate treatment","Moisture content: Mass %, with wet or dry basis and method","Temperature and thermal condition: Temperature in °C with locations and times; cooling, stable, heating, unknown","Residual carbon: Mass %, with analytical method; loss on ignition recorded separately if used","Chemical and mineral composition: Constituents in mg/kg or mass %, with analytical basis, method and detection limits","Extract pH and leaching results: pH and analyte concentrations in mg/L, with extraction protocol and liquid-to-solid ratio","Destination acceptance: Unevaluated, awaiting evidence, accepted with conditions, rejected; linked destination and criteria"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Grey to white powdery residue after burning."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Separate, label and trace ash lots by feedstock, collection fraction and handling history.","Sample and characterise ash against explicit identity, exposure or destination questions.","Select containment and transfer controls using measured thermal, moisture and dust conditions.","Evaluate screening, conditioning or other treatment against identified ash properties and compatibility evidence.","Match a characterised lot to a proposed recovery, reuse or disposal route and record unmet conditions."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Fires from hot ash.","Toxic dust and leaching from contaminated ash."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Directive 2008/98/EC, issued by the European Parliament and Council, provides the European Union waste framework applicable to ash that constitutes waste.","Commission Decision 2000/532/EC, issued by the European Commission, establishes the European List of Waste, including ash entries distinguished by their source and hazardous characteristics."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Ash occurs in fireplaces, boilers, industrial furnaces, waste incinerators and landscapes affected by fire.","Depending on its origin and verified composition, it may require waste disposal or qualify for uses such as construction materials and soil amendments.","Its appearance alone cannot establish whether a particular lot is suitable for reuse."]}},"sources":[{"title":"ASTM C618 - Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete","url":"","note":"Defines coal fly ash as a construction material, classifies Class F and Class C by CaO/SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3 chemistry, and sets chemical and physical limits used in practice."},{"title":"EN 450-1 - Fly ash for concrete. Definition, specifications and conformity criteria","url":"https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/en-450-1","note":"European definition and conformity criteria for siliceous fly ash in concrete; distinguishes the regulated construction product from generic combustion residue."},{"title":"Volcanic Ash - USGS Volcano Hazards Program fact sheet and glossary","url":"","note":"Defines volcanic ash as tephra fragments <2 mm produced by explosive eruptions; documents aviation, health, and infrastructure hazards distinct from combustion ash."},{"title":"Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals from Electric Utilities (CCR Rule), 40 CFR Part 257","url":"https://www.epa.gov/coalash","note":"U.S. legal definition and regulation of coal combustion residuals (fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD gypsum) as solid waste with groundwater and structural criteria."},{"title":"ISO 18122:2022 Solid biofuels - Determination of ash content","url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/83190.html","note":"Standard method and temperature (550 °C) for measuring ash as the inorganic residue of solid biofuels; grounds the analytical-ash sense."},{"title":"WHO / PAHO guidance on volcanic ash and health (airborne particulates, crystalline silica, respiratory risk)","url":"https://www.who.int/publications","note":"Health-hazard framing of respirable volcanic and combustion ash (PM2.5/PM10, crystalline silica, heavy metals)."},{"title":"Wikidata item Q152079: ash","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152079","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does vr.tr.ash denote combustion residue only, or must it also encompass volcanic ash and other materials sharing the name?","What operational boundaries should distinguish ash from char, soot, slag and clinker when residues are mixed or partly fused?","Which sampling and analytical methods are appropriate for each ash origin and decision, particularly where loss on ignition may not directly represent residual carbon?","Which origin-specific constituents and changes during storage require additional characterisation before handling or destination assessment?","Which jurisdictional and destination-specific criteria must be researched for the first intended applications of this model?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q152079/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q152079/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T10:01:09Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:29+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 5 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}