{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.launeddas","code":"thing-q1543785","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1543785/","name":"launeddas","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Launeddas are a traditional Sardinian mouth-blown wind instrument comprising three cane pipes with single reeds, sounded together to produce a drone and two fingered musical parts, typically sustained by circular breathing.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise launeddas, assess the completeness and playing condition of a set, and select appropriate inspection, playing or specialist maintenance actions.","scope":{"in":["The three-pipe assembly and the distinct roles of tumbu, mancosa and mancosedda","Cane bodies, reed mouthpieces, finger holes, bindings and tuning wax","Named instrument configurations and the pitch relationships of their pipes","Direct breath supply, simultaneous sounding and circular-breathing compatibility","Completeness, playability, component matching and maintenance requirements"],"out":["The performer's biography, training and physiological condition","Compositions, dance forms and individual performances","Sardinian festivals and musical traditions as independent cultural entities","Cane plant species and cultivation as biological or agricultural models","Other multiple-pipe instruments and bagpipes","Recordings, amplifiers and microphones"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["A conventional complete set has three sounding pipes with single reeds; identify the excitation mechanism rather than classifying it as a flute merely because it uses cane.","The tumbu supplies a drone without finger holes, while mancosa and mancosedda provide finger-controlled pitches.","The mancosa is bound to the tumbu, while the mancosedda is held separately; document deviations rather than assuming any three loose pipes form a set.","The pipes receive air directly from the player's mouth, without a bag reservoir.","Identification requires the characteristic assembly and Sardinian instrument attribution; pipe count alone does not distinguish launeddas from every neighbouring reed instrument."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"instrument-identity","name":"Instrument identity","description":"Recognise the instrument through pipe roles and assembly rather than its name alone.","layers":[{"id":"pipe-complement","name":"Pipe complement","description":"Identify the drone and the two fingered pipes.","findings":[{"id":"three-differentiated-pipes","name":"Three differentiated pipes","description":"The conventional arrangement combines a holeless tumbu drone with fingered mancosa and mancosedda pipes. Source: [SardegnaTurismo](https://www.sardegnaturismo.it/en/launeddas-others-sardinia-music?language=it).","questions":[{"text":"Which present component is the tumbu, which is the mancosa and which is the mancosedda?","id":"three-differentiated-pipes-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is this a complete set, a surviving component or a collection whose association remains unverified?","id":"three-differentiated-pipes-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"assembly-pattern","name":"Assembly pattern","description":"Record the bound pair and the independently held pipe.","findings":[{"id":"bound-and-free-pipes","name":"Bound and free pipes","description":"The mancosa and tumbu are joined, while the mancosedda remains separate; this relationship is part of recognition and handling. Source: [SardegnaCultura](https://www.sardegnacultura.it/articolo/le-launeddas).","questions":[{"text":"Are the tumbu and mancosa joined securely in their intended relative positions?","id":"bound-and-free-pipes-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does an unusual assembly reflect documented practice, later alteration or an assembly error?","id":"bound-and-free-pipes-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"reed-and-cane-construction","name":"Reed and cane construction","description":"Describe the parts that generate sound and establish the air passages.","layers":[{"id":"reed-mouthpieces","name":"Reed mouthpieces","description":"Inspect each pipe's reed-bearing mouthpiece and its fit.","findings":[{"id":"individual-reed-generators","name":"Individual reed generators","description":"A documented construction uses a small cane mouthpiece with a reed tongue cut from its own wall, inserted into each pipe and sealed with beeswax. Source: [SardegnaCultura object record](https://www.sardegnacultura.it/en/search/1f0a1645-24c4-43ff-b081-8c035395eae9).","questions":[{"text":"What reed construction, seal material and visible condition are present on each pipe?","id":"individual-reed-generators-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which reeds are associated with the maker's original set, and which are documented replacements?","id":"individual-reed-generators-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"cane-bodies-and-openings","name":"Cane bodies and openings","description":"Distinguish sounding bore geometry, finger holes and tuning openings.","findings":[{"id":"finger-holes-and-arrefinu","name":"Finger holes and arrefinu","description":"The fingered pipes conventionally have four finger holes and a further opening, the arrefinu, whose wax adjustment regulates the fundamental pitch. Source: [Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia](https://collezioni-online.museoscienza.org/detail/IT-MUST-NTR001-025819/launeddas-aerofono-policalamo-ad-ancia-della-tradizione-sarda).","questions":[{"text":"What are the dimensions and positions of each pipe's finger holes and arrefinu?","id":"finger-holes-and-arrefinu-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which wax deposits are intentional acoustic adjustments rather than dirt or damage?","id":"finger-holes-and-arrefinu-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"configuration-and-tuning","name":"Configuration and tuning","description":"Connect named configurations with measured pitch relationships.","layers":[{"id":"cuntzertu-identification","name":"Cuntzertu identification","description":"Capture the attributed configuration and the evidence supporting its name.","findings":[{"id":"named-pipe-configurations","name":"Named pipe configurations","description":"Documented cuntzertus distinguish configurations within launeddas; retain the source's terminology and verify its application to the particular set. Source: [Iscandula](https://www.launeddas.it/iscandula/launeddas_cuntzertus.php).","questions":[{"text":"What cuntzertu name is attributed to this set, and by which maker, player or collection record?","id":"named-pipe-configurations-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which pipe roles and pitch relationships support or challenge that attribution?","id":"named-pipe-configurations-q02","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"acoustic-assessment","name":"Acoustic assessment","description":"Record observed pitches separately from the intended tuning.","findings":[{"id":"measured-set-relationships","name":"Measured set relationships","description":"The model should distinguish measured frequencies, intended intervals and the player or maker's judgement of tuning; numerical tolerances remain to be established.","questions":[{"text":"What frequencies occur for the drone and each documented fingering under recorded test conditions?","id":"measured-set-relationships-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What tuning reference and acceptable interval deviations does the responsible maker or player specify?","id":"measured-set-relationships-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"breath-and-playing-interface","name":"Breath and playing interface","description":"Represent the instrument's direct air supply and coordinated finger control.","layers":[{"id":"continuous-air-supply","name":"Continuous air supply","description":"Assess sustained sounding while distinguishing instrument response from player technique.","findings":[{"id":"circular-breathing-interface","name":"Circular breathing interface","description":"Launeddas performance uses circular breathing to sustain sound while the player inhales through the nose. Source: [Muravera tourism](https://www.muraverasardegna.it/it/articles/4/le-launeddas.html).","questions":[{"text":"Can an experienced player sustain the three pipes together, and what interruptions or response differences occur?","id":"circular-breathing-interface-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What further assessment would distinguish a reed or sealing problem from difficulty with breath technique?","id":"circular-breathing-interface-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"finger-control","name":"Finger control","description":"Document access to the two fingered pipes in the assembled playing position.","findings":[{"id":"paired-hand-interface","name":"Paired hand interface","description":"The conventional hold places the bound pair in the left hand and the separate mancosedda in the right; record the actual set's spacing and any documented adaptation.","questions":[{"text":"Can the intended player cover the finger holes while maintaining the required pipe and mouthpiece positions?","id":"paired-hand-interface-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does a proposed change to bindings or pipe alignment require a skilled player's assessment before use?","id":"paired-hand-interface-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"condition-and-intervention","name":"Condition and intervention","description":"Support decisions about playing, preservation and component work.","layers":[{"id":"playability-evidence","name":"Playability evidence","description":"Separate visual observations from demonstrated acoustic function.","findings":[{"id":"component-specific-condition","name":"Component-specific condition","description":"Record cracks, loose bindings, displaced wax and reed defects by component, together with whether their effect on playing has actually been tested.","questions":[{"text":"Which pipe bodies, reeds, seals or bindings show visible defects, and where?","id":"component-specific-condition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does the set's condition and intended use support a playing test or require specialist inspection first?","id":"component-specific-condition-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"repair-and-component-continuity","name":"Repair and component continuity","description":"Track interventions that may change tuning, authenticity or component association.","findings":[{"id":"documented-component-changes","name":"Documented component changes","description":"Replacement reeds, altered wax and exchanged pipes should be recorded with their purpose and before-and-after observations; compatibility must be assessed for the actual set.","questions":[{"text":"What repairs, reed replacements, wax adjustments or pipe substitutions are documented?","id":"documented-component-changes-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Who can assess a proposed intervention, and what playing or preservation outcome should it achieve?","id":"documented-component-changes-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of launeddas this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of launeddas this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of launeddas this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of launeddas this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of launeddas this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of launeddas this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe the launeddas and its role in Sardinian music from reputable sources.","Help a user learn or record it."],"mustNot":["Misrepresent its origins or the traditions of Sardinian players.","Advise sharing mouth-blown instruments between players without cleaning.","Present a mass-made set as made by a named master without evidence."],"requiresHuman":["Selling or exporting a historic set."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["It is part of living Sardinian heritage passed through masters and pupils.","Shared wind instruments can spread infections."],"affectedParties":["Sardinian musicians and communities","Players","Buyers"]},"owners":{"steward":"The person who owns and plays it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q185626","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q55738875","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.launeddas","Wikidata: Q1543785 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543785)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Pipe complement and roles: tumbu; mancosa; mancosedda; missing or unidentified component","Pipe and bore dimensions: mm, recorded separately for each pipe and measurement position","Reed construction and condition: Per pipe: construction identified or unknown; intact; damaged; obstructed; untested","Hole arrangement: Per pipe: finger-hole count and positions; separate identification of the arrefinu","Cuntzertu attribution: Locally attested configuration name; attribution source; unknown or disputed","Sounding pitches and intervals: Hz for pitches; cents for intervals; include fingering, reference pitch and test conditions","Component association: Each pipe and reed linked to its set, maker attribution and replacement history","Assembly and playing condition: Unassessed; incomplete; apparently intact; play-tested with observations; specialist intervention needed"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Three cane pipes of different lengths, two bound together, with reeds cut into the tops.","Played with puffed cheeks and circular breathing."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Identify and map the three pipes, reeds and their assembly relationships.","Compare a set with documented examples of its attributed cuntzertu.","Measure individual pitches and their combined relationships during an authorised playing assessment.","Inspect cane, reeds, wax and bindings to distinguish visible defects from issues requiring a skilled player.","Determine whether a proposed replacement component needs maker or performer assessment.","Prepare handling, storage or specialist maintenance actions appropriate to the set's condition and use."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Cane splits with dryness, and damp reeds can grow mould."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The revised Hornbostel-Sachs classification published by Musical Instrument Museums Online provides an official museum classification framework for launeddas as single-reed aerophones."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Launeddas are played in Sardinian musical traditions for dancing, religious occasions and community celebrations.","They are also encountered in concerts, instrument collections and teaching focused on interlocking melodic parts over a continuous drone."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1543785: launeddas","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543785","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Launeddas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launeddas","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which regional names and cuntzertu classifications should be treated as equivalents, and which distinguish materially different configurations?","What tuning targets, test conditions and tolerances do makers and players use for each configuration?","Which cane materials, reed treatments and construction variations are documented, and how do they affect identification and care?","What cleaning, drying, storage and wax-maintenance practices are appropriate for working instruments versus museum specimens?","How should incomplete historical sets, modern material substitutions and adapted assemblies be classified at the boundary of vr.tr.launeddas?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1543785/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1543785/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T10:54:24Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:26+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}