{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.reinforced-concrete-construction","code":"thing-q1577013","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1577013/","name":"reinforced concrete construction","alternateNames":["White tub"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.5","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.BLT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Building with concrete that contains embedded steel reinforcement, usually bars or mesh, so that the steel carries tension and the concrete carries compression; the term covers both the method and structures built with it, including watertight basement boxes.","purpose":"Let an agent describe a reinforced concrete structure by its elements, materials, design code, durability and condition, and route safety questions to a qualified engineer.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Reinforcement is embedded so that it acts together with the concrete, whether the element is cast in place or precast.","Prestressed concrete tensions the steel before load; ordinary reinforced concrete does not.","Plain concrete without reinforcement cannot carry significant tension.","Surface appearance alone cannot show the reinforcement layout or the capacity."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"structural-system","name":"Structural system","description":"What the structure is and how it carries load.","layers":[{"id":"elements","name":"Elements","description":"Beams, columns, slabs, walls and foundations.","findings":[{"id":"element-inventory","name":"Element inventory","description":"The elements and their roles.","questions":[{"text":"Which elements carry the loads in this structure?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Are they cast in place or precast?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"design-basis","name":"Design basis","description":"Code, loads and design life.","findings":[{"id":"design-code","name":"Design code","description":"The code and classes used.","questions":[{"text":"Which design code and edition applied?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What design working life and loads were assumed?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"materials","name":"Materials","description":"Concrete and steel properties.","layers":[{"id":"concrete","name":"Concrete","description":"Mix, strength and exposure.","findings":[{"id":"strength-and-class","name":"Strength and class","description":"Specified and tested strength.","questions":[{"text":"What strength class was specified and achieved?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which exposure class applies?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"reinforcement","name":"Reinforcement","description":"Bars, mesh and cover.","findings":[{"id":"steel-and-cover","name":"Steel and cover","description":"Grade, layout and cover depth.","questions":[{"text":"What steel grade and bar layout were used?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Is the concrete cover adequate for the exposure?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"durability-and-condition","name":"Durability and condition","description":"How the structure ages.","layers":[{"id":"deterioration","name":"Deterioration","description":"Carbonation, chlorides, freeze-thaw.","findings":[{"id":"corrosion-state","name":"Corrosion state","description":"Evidence and extent of corrosion.","questions":[{"text":"Is there carbonation or chloride at the bar depth?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Where is spalling or rust staining visible?","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"inspection","name":"Inspection","description":"Records of condition.","findings":[{"id":"inspection-record","name":"Inspection record","description":"Findings, dates and inspector.","questions":[{"text":"When was the structure last inspected and by whom?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which defects need action now?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"construction-and-execution","name":"Construction and execution","description":"How it was built.","layers":[{"id":"site-execution","name":"Site execution","description":"Formwork, placing and curing.","findings":[{"id":"execution-quality","name":"Execution quality","description":"Compaction, curing and tolerances.","questions":[{"text":"Was the concrete compacted and cured as specified?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Were cover and bar positions checked before casting?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"watertightness","name":"Watertightness","description":"Basements and tanks as watertight boxes.","findings":[{"id":"water-resistance","name":"Water resistance","description":"Crack width limits and joints.","questions":[{"text":"Is the basement designed as a watertight concrete box?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How are joints sealed?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"safety-and-change","name":"Safety and change","description":"Altering or repairing a structure.","layers":[{"id":"alterations","name":"Alterations","description":"Openings, added loads, change of use.","findings":[{"id":"change-control","name":"Change control","description":"Who approves alterations.","questions":[{"text":"Does this change need a structural engineer and permit?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What load can the element take now?","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"repair","name":"Repair","description":"Repair and strengthening methods.","findings":[{"id":"repair-method","name":"Repair method","description":"Patch repair, cathodic protection, strengthening.","questions":[{"text":"Which repair method suits this damage?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What standard governs the repair?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["explain how reinforced concrete works","record and classify visible defects from an inspection report"],"mustNot":["declare a structure safe or unsafe without a qualified engineer","advise cutting or drilling through structural elements without design checks","invent design values or code clauses"],"requiresHuman":["any decision on load changes, repair or demolition"]},"ethics":{"considerations":["public safety of occupants and users","embodied carbon of cement"],"affectedParties":["occupants and users of structures","workers on site"]},"owners":{"steward":"the building owner, with the designer and authority having jurisdiction","roles":[],"masterSystems":["building permit records","as-built drawings and inspection reports"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1907757","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"concrete","type":"related","note":"matrix material"},{"target":"rebar","type":"related","note":"reinforcement"},{"target":"prestressed concrete","type":"related","note":"different method of using steel"},{"target":"building code","type":"related","note":"design and execution rules"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.reinforced-concrete-construction","Wikidata: Q1577013 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1577013)","EN 206 exposure class: X0, XC1-XC4, XD1-XD3, XS1-XS3, XF1-XF4, XA1-XA3 record the edition and national provisions","concrete strength class: C25/30 style cylinder/cube characteristic strength in MPa per EN 206"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["concrete compressive strength: 20-50 MPa - characteristic cylinder strength at 28 days for common structural classes","density: 2400-2500 kg/m3 - normal-weight reinforced concrete","reinforcing steel yield strength: 400-600 MPa","nominal concrete cover: 20-75 mm - set by exposure, bond, fire resistance, tolerances and design life"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Cast concrete elements with visible formwork joints","Exposed rusted bars where concrete has spalled","Monolithic connections between beams, columns and slabs","Grey concrete surfaces, often with formwork marks; reinforcement is usually concealed and shows only at damage, connections or unfinished work."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify the structural system and elements","read the design code and exposure class","record inspection findings such as cracks and corrosion","estimate remaining service life with an engineer"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Corrosion of reinforcement from carbonation or chlorides, causing spalling","Insufficient cover or poor compaction","Cracking from shrinkage, overload or settlement","Shear, punching, bond or anchorage failure","Excessive long-term deflection from creep","Fire spalling at high temperature"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["EN 1992 Eurocode 2 design of concrete structures (CEN), with the National Annex of the country","ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (American Concrete Institute)","EN 206 concrete specification (CEN)","EN 13670 execution of concrete structures (CEN)","Standards bind only where adopted by law; record the edition and jurisdiction"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Building frames, slabs, foundations, walls, bridges and tanks that need strength in both tension and compression at low cost.","cast-in-place frames","precast reinforced concrete","flat slabs","shear walls","foundations and piles","watertight concrete basements","reinforced concrete bridges"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Q1577013","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1577013","note":"identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks"},{"title":"What is reinforced concrete?","url":"https://www.concrete.org/frequentlyaskedquestions/faqid/665.aspx","note":"embedded reinforcement and composite action"},{"title":"Reinforced concrete vs. prestressed concrete","url":"https://www.concrete.org/frequentlyaskedquestions.aspx?faqid=667","note":"difference from prestressed concrete"},{"title":"Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures","url":"https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EN-Eurocodes/eurocode-2-design-concrete-structures","note":"scope of EN 1992 and related standards"},{"title":"Eurocode 2: Background and Applications","url":"https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2022-06/1110_WS_EC2.pdf","note":"strength classes, exposure, cover, durability and failure modes"},{"title":"ACI 318 Building Code Portal","url":"https://www.concrete.org/topicsinconcrete/318buildingcodeportal.aspx","note":"ACI 318 scope"},{"title":"Reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete","note":"general description"}],"openQuestions":["Should the method and the structures built with it be separate entries?","How should the watertight basement sense merged into this entry be shown?","The registry's Wikidata description does not describe this subject and should be corrected."],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1577013/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1577013/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-10-21T18:41:55Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-21T18:47:45+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 6 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}