{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.district-heating-substation","code":"thing-q1577453","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1577453/","name":"district heating substation","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.4","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.BLT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A facility that transfers heat from a district heating network to the heating and hot water systems of buildings, usually through heat exchangers that keep network water separate from building circuits, with controls, pumps, meters and valves, installed as building substations or larger area substations; substations are key to efficiency, measuring heat use for billing and enabling low-temperature fourth-generation district heating. District heating networks are widespread in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and some cities elsewhere, and scalding and pressure hazards require qualified maintenance.","purpose":"Let an agent explain district heating substations, relay components, types, operation, metering and role in modern networks from energy engineering sources, and distinguish them from electrical substations, boiler rooms, heat pumps as sources and district cooling stations.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Heat exchange","Metering","Hydraulic separation","Network efficiency role"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What a district heating substation is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is a district heating substation, and how does it differ from electrical substations, boiler rooms, heat pumps and district cooling stations?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is there a hot water leak or steam release, in which case keep away and call the network operator or emergency services?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"types","name":"Types","description":"Types.","findings":[{"id":"types-finding","name":"Types","description":"Types.","questions":[{"text":"What are building substations, area substations and heat interface units?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific type?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"engineering","name":"Engineering","description":"Operation.","layers":[{"id":"exchangers","name":"Heat exchangers","description":"Heat exchangers.","findings":[{"id":"exchangers-finding","name":"Heat exchangers","description":"Heat exchangers.","questions":[{"text":"How do plate heat exchangers transfer network heat?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"return","name":"Return temperature","description":"Return temperatures.","findings":[{"id":"return-finding","name":"Return temperature","description":"Return temperature.","questions":[{"text":"Why do low return temperatures improve network efficiency?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"regulation","name":"Regulation","description":"Metering and rules.","layers":[{"id":"metering","name":"Metering","description":"Heat metering.","findings":[{"id":"metering-finding","name":"Metering","description":"Metering.","questions":[{"text":"How do heat meters measure consumption for billing?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which entry fits heat meter?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"consumer","name":"Consumer protection","description":"Consumer protection.","findings":[{"id":"consumer-finding","name":"Consumer protection","description":"Consumer protection.","questions":[{"text":"What protections exist for district heating customers, checked against current rules?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the information current?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"Energy transition.","layers":[{"id":"generations","name":"Generations","description":"District heating generations.","findings":[{"id":"generations-finding","name":"Generations","description":"Generations.","questions":[{"text":"How do fourth- and fifth-generation networks change substations?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits district heating?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"nordic","name":"Nordic","description":"Nordic networks.","findings":[{"id":"nordic-finding","name":"Nordic","description":"Nordic.","questions":[{"text":"Why is district heating widespread in Denmark and Sweden, and what debates exist about pricing, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral and attributed?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Monitor temperatures, pressures, meters and valves of a substation for the network operator.","Report faults, leaks and abnormal energy use to the operator and building owner."],"mustNot":["Change setpoints or isolate a substation without the operator's authority.","Leave hot water circuits at temperatures that risk scalding or bacterial growth.","Tamper with heat meters or billing data.","Open pressurised hot water equipment without isolation."],"requiresHuman":["Shutting off heat to buildings, especially in winter.","Changing settings that affect many buildings on the network."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Heating is essential in cold weather, and failures hit vulnerable people first.","Accurate metering is a matter of fairness for households paying for heat."],"affectedParties":["Residents and building occupants","Maintenance workers","Vulnerable people in cold weather"]},"owners":{"steward":"The district heating operator, or the building owner where the substation belongs to the building.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1662011","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"industrial building","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"district heating","type":"related"},{"target":"heat exchanger","type":"related"},{"target":"electrical substation","type":"related"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.district-heating-substation","Wikidata: Q1577453 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1577453)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["fourth-generation supply temperatures: about 50-60 degrees Celsius - typical targets","indirect connection: via heat exchangers note","registry parent: industrial building note"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Heat transfer unit between network and building","District heating substation, heat interface unit, building substation","Electrical substations transform voltage; boiler rooms generate heat locally; heat pumps produce heat; district cooling stations deliver chilled water","Compact units of heat exchangers, pipes, pumps, valves and meters in basements or small buildings."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain components and types","relay operation and metering","describe network roles","relay safety"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Scalding and pressure release","Poor return temperatures reducing efficiency","Metering disputes"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["EN 1434 heat meters","EU Energy Efficiency Directive metering rules","Pressure equipment regulations"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Delivering network heat to buildings.","building substations","area or group substations","heat interface units in flats","direct and indirect connections"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1577453: district heating substation","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1577453","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: District heating substation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heating_substation","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should heat interface units be a separate entry?","How should district heating standards be linked?","Should fourth-generation district heating be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1577453/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1577453/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-14T00:09:12Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:54+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}