{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.combined-heat-and-power-station","code":"thing-q1601458","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1601458/","name":"combined heat and power station","alternateNames":["gas turbine combined heat and power station","biomass combined heat and power station","cogeneration unit","wood chip plant"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.BLT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A power plant that generates electricity and simultaneously captures the heat from generation for use in district heating, industrial processes or buildings, achieving higher overall fuel efficiency than separate generation, fuelled by natural gas in gas turbines and engines, by biomass such as wood chips, by waste or by coal, and ranging from small cogeneration units in buildings to large district heating stations; combined heat and power stations are promoted in energy and climate policy and regulated for emissions and grid connection.","purpose":"Let an agent explain combined heat and power stations and how cogeneration works, describe technologies, fuels and applications, support feasibility and policy questions at a general level, and identify notable stations with sources.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Cogeneration","High overall efficiency","Heat network link","Varied fuels and scales"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"How cogeneration works.","layers":[{"id":"principle","name":"Principle","description":"Principle.","findings":[{"id":"principle-finding","name":"Principle","description":"Principle.","questions":[{"text":"How does a combined heat and power station capture and use heat from generation, and why is overall efficiency higher?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits power generation generally?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"technologies","name":"Technologies","description":"Technologies and fuels.","findings":[{"id":"technologies-finding","name":"Technologies","description":"Technologies.","questions":[{"text":"How do gas turbine, gas engine, steam, biomass and waste-fuelled stations differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific technology?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"apply","name":"Apply","description":"Applications and feasibility.","layers":[{"id":"applications","name":"Applications","description":"Applications.","findings":[{"id":"applications-finding","name":"Applications","description":"Applications.","questions":[{"text":"Where are cogeneration stations used, from district heating to industry, hospitals and buildings?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits district heating?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"feasibility","name":"Feasibility","description":"Feasibility.","findings":[{"id":"feasibility-finding","name":"Feasibility","description":"Feasibility.","questions":[{"text":"What factors determine whether cogeneration is viable for a site, at a general level?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Is professional engineering assessment needed?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"policy","name":"Policy","description":"Policy and environment.","layers":[{"id":"policy","name":"Policy","description":"Policy support.","findings":[{"id":"policy-finding","name":"Policy","description":"Policy.","questions":[{"text":"How do energy and climate policies support or regulate cogeneration, and what debates exist, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"emissions","name":"Emissions","description":"Emissions.","findings":[{"id":"emissions-finding","name":"Emissions","description":"Emissions.","questions":[{"text":"How are emissions from cogeneration regulated, and how do fuels compare?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits air quality regulation?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"History and examples.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did cogeneration and district heating develop historically?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"examples","name":"Examples","description":"Notable stations.","findings":[{"id":"examples-finding","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","questions":[{"text":"Which combined heat and power stations are notable, and where are registers kept?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific station?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Report electricity and heat output, efficiency and emissions from data the operator shares.","Explain how combined heat and power differs from separate generation.","Schedule operation to match heat demand on the operator's instructions."],"mustNot":["Overstate efficiency or emissions savings in public claims.","Override safety interlocks, emission controls or alarms.","Cut heat supply to homes in winter without lawful authority and notice.","Operate plant controls it is not authorized to use."],"requiresHuman":["Shutting down or starting units that supply district heating.","Changing fuel type or emission settings."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Homes, hospitals and industries depend on its heat and power, especially in cold weather.","Burning fuel affects local air and climate."],"affectedParties":["Households on district heating","Neighbours breathing its emissions","Plant workers"]},"owners":{"steward":"The plant operator under licence from energy and environmental regulators.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Energy regulator licence registers","Emissions permit registers"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q61867910","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"cogeneration power station","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"water storage","type":"related","note":"thermal storage in heat networks"},{"target":"canal","type":"related","note":"cooling and water infrastructure"},{"target":"policy","type":"related","note":"energy policy support"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.combined-heat-and-power-station","Wikidata: Q1601458 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1601458)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Net electrical output:  MW - Measure exported electrical power after subtracting station auxiliary consumption under stated operating conditions.","Useful thermal output:  MW - Determine delivered heat from the flow rate and enthalpy change of the heat transfer medium.","Overall energy efficiency:  % - Calculate useful electrical and thermal output divided by fuel energy input using a stated heating value basis.","Heat delivery temperature:  degrees Celsius - Measure the outgoing heat transfer medium at the defined delivery boundary."]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Generates electricity and captures heat","Connected to heat networks or processes","A condensing power station rejects heat; a boiler makes only heat","Power plant buildings with heat distribution pipes and often district heating networks."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain cogeneration","describe technologies and fuels","support feasibility and policy questions","identify stations"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Heat demand mismatch reducing efficiency","Emissions from fuel combustion","Overstated efficiency claims"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Emissions and air quality permits","Grid connection and electricity market rules","Cogeneration efficiency definitions in energy law"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Plants producing electricity and useful heat together.","gas turbine and gas engine stations","biomass and wood chip stations","waste-to-energy cogeneration","industrial cogeneration units","micro and building-scale units"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1601458: combined heat and power station","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1601458","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Combined heat and power station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_heat_and_power_station","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should each fuel type be a separate entry?","How should efficiency standards be linked?","How should station registers be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1601458/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1601458/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T02:29:09Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:26+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}