{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.emission-standard","code":"thing-q1745938","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1745938/","name":"emission standard","alternateNames":["Bharat Stage emission standards","United States emission standards","zero emission"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.KNW"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"An emission standard is a requirement specifying allowable releases of identified pollutants from a defined source category under prescribed operating, measurement and compliance conditions.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise an emission standard, establish its applicability and evidentiary requirements, and determine which compliance assessments or actions it supports.","scope":{"in":["Pollutants, release pathways and source categories addressed by the standard","Emission limits, calculation bases, averaging periods and operating conditions","Required sampling, testing, monitoring and evidence rules","Applicability, exemptions, phase-in provisions and jurisdictional reach","Compliance decision rules and links to the instruments that give requirements effect","Edition identity, amendments, effective periods and supersession"],"out":["Ambient environmental quality standards governing conditions in receiving air, water or soil","The design and operating state of emitting vehicles, installations or equipment","Individual emissions observations, inventories and monitoring datasets","Pollution-control equipment and its maintenance procedures","Facility permits, enforcement cases and penalties as independently managed instruments or events","General environmental policy objectives or voluntary reduction pledges without defined emission requirements"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["It constrains or specifies requirements for emissions attributable to defined sources, rather than only prescribing acceptable pollutant levels in the receiving environment.","It identifies pollutants or emission attributes and a basis for evaluating them; a broad aspiration to reduce pollution is insufficient.","Its limits are interpreted together with source categories, operating conditions, units and time bases, rather than as context-free numbers.","A test-method document alone is not an emission standard unless it also establishes emission requirements or forms an explicitly incorporated component of them.","A source-specific permit may incorporate or instantiate an emission standard, but the permit's identity and other conditions remain distinct."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"emission-requirements","name":"Emission requirements","description":"The releases constrained and the form and interpretation of each requirement.","layers":[{"id":"pollutants-and-release-boundaries","name":"Pollutants and release boundaries","description":"Identifies the regulated emission and where it is attributed or measured.","findings":[{"id":"regulated-emission-definition","name":"Regulated emission definition","description":"Record the named pollutant or attribute, any grouping convention, receiving medium and release boundary specified by the text.","questions":[{"text":"Which substances or emission attributes are covered, and how are pollutant groups or equivalent quantities defined?","id":"regulated-emission-definition-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Does the requirement concern a tailpipe, stack, outfall, fugitive release, whole installation or another explicitly defined boundary?","id":"regulated-emission-definition-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"limits-and-evaluation-bases","name":"Limits and evaluation bases","description":"Captures numerical limits or other requirements together with the conditions that give them meaning.","findings":[{"id":"complete-limit-expression","name":"Complete limit expression","description":"Record each threshold or prescribed practice with its units, denominator, averaging period, reference conditions and qualifying clauses.","questions":[{"text":"What limit or prescribed practice applies, and what activity, flow, energy output or other denominator defines its basis?","id":"complete-limit-expression-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which averaging periods, reference conditions and conversion rules must accompany the reported result?","id":"complete-limit-expression-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"source-applicability","name":"Source applicability","description":"Rules that determine which sources and operating situations fall under which requirements.","layers":[{"id":"source-classification","name":"Source classification","description":"Connects a source's characteristics to the categories used in the standard.","findings":[{"id":"category-assignment","name":"Category assignment","description":"Record the explicit classification criteria and the evidence needed to assign a source to a covered category.","questions":[{"text":"Which source types, capacities, fuels, technologies, uses or age classes distinguish the applicable requirements?","id":"category-assignment-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What source information must an agent obtain before selecting a category and its associated limits?","id":"category-assignment-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"operating-regimes-and-exceptions","name":"Operating regimes and exceptions","description":"Treatment of operating modes, exclusions and conditional alternatives.","findings":[{"id":"conditional-coverage","name":"Conditional coverage","description":"Record how normal operation, startup, shutdown, malfunction and other named regimes affect requirements, without assuming any regime is exempt.","questions":[{"text":"Which operating regimes receive distinct limits, procedures or evidence requirements?","id":"conditional-coverage-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What explicit conditions, approvals and supporting records are required to use an exemption or alternative requirement?","id":"conditional-coverage-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"emission-evidence","name":"Emission evidence","description":"How emissions are sampled, measured, calculated and checked for suitability.","layers":[{"id":"test-and-monitoring-design","name":"Test and monitoring design","description":"The prescribed conditions and methods for producing representative evidence.","findings":[{"id":"accepted-evidence-procedure","name":"Accepted evidence procedure","description":"Record required method editions, sampling locations, test cycles, operating loads, monitoring frequency and permitted alternatives.","questions":[{"text":"Which methods and editions are required or accepted, and where are they incorporated into the standard?","id":"accepted-evidence-procedure-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Under what sampling locations, loads, cycles, durations and frequencies must evidence be collected?","id":"accepted-evidence-procedure-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"measurement-validity","name":"Measurement validity","description":"Quality controls and data-handling rules that determine whether evidence is usable.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-quality-and-normalisation","name":"Evidence quality and normalisation","description":"Record calibration, detection capability, completeness, uncertainty and normalisation requirements, including treatment of invalid or missing data.","questions":[{"text":"Which calibration, detection-limit, uncertainty and completeness conditions must the evidence satisfy?","id":"evidence-quality-and-normalisation-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How must results be corrected, aggregated or rejected, and how are missing or below-detection observations handled?","id":"evidence-quality-and-normalisation-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"compliance-interpretation","name":"Compliance interpretation","description":"Rules for translating eligible evidence into an assessment and identifying required follow-up.","layers":[{"id":"assessment-decision","name":"Assessment decision","description":"The explicit logic connecting results to satisfaction or breach of a requirement.","findings":[{"id":"compliance-decision-rule","name":"Compliance decision rule","description":"Record comparison operators, rounding, statistical treatment, exceedance allowances and the required assessment period.","questions":[{"text":"How do rounding, uncertainty, percentiles, repeated tests or permitted exceedances affect the compliance decision?","id":"compliance-decision-rule-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"When must an agent report insufficient evidence rather than conclude that the requirement is satisfied or breached?","id":"compliance-decision-rule-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"demonstration-and-follow-up","name":"Demonstration and follow-up","description":"Records, attestations and subsequent actions required by the standard or an explicitly linked instrument.","findings":[{"id":"assessment-record-and-triggered-actions","name":"Assessment record and triggered actions","description":"Identify what supports a compliance demonstration and distinguish actions required by the standard from those imposed elsewhere.","questions":[{"text":"What reports, retained records, certifications or independent checks are required to demonstrate compliance?","id":"assessment-record-and-triggered-actions-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which clauses or linked instruments require notification, retesting or corrective action after an exceedance or invalid test?","id":"assessment-record-and-triggered-actions-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"authority-and-edition","name":"Authority and edition","description":"The standard's authoritative identity, context of effect and changes over time.","layers":[{"id":"authoritative-text-and-effect","name":"Authoritative text and effect","description":"Identifies the publisher, authentic text and instruments establishing applicability.","findings":[{"id":"standard-identity-and-adoption","name":"Standard identity and adoption","description":"Record the title, identifier, issuing body and authoritative text, separately from jurisdictional adoption or other binding incorporation.","questions":[{"text":"Which issuing body, identifier and authoritative publication establish the identity and wording of this standard?","id":"standard-identity-and-adoption-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"In which jurisdictions or contractual contexts does it have effect, and which instrument establishes that effect?","id":"standard-identity-and-adoption-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"transitions-and-cross-references","name":"Transitions and cross-references","description":"Edition changes, source-specific commencement dates and dependencies on other texts.","findings":[{"id":"applicable-version-resolution","name":"Applicable version resolution","description":"Record amendments, effective dates, phase-in rules, retained earlier requirements and dated or undated references to supporting methods.","questions":[{"text":"Which edition and amendments apply to the source and assessment date, including any phase-in or retained earlier requirements?","id":"applicable-version-resolution-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which referenced methods or related standards are fixed to an edition, and which may change through an explicit updating rule?","id":"applicable-version-resolution-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of emission standard this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of emission standard this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of emission standard this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of emission standard this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of emission standard this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of emission standard this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of emission standard this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of emission standard this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Cite emission standards by jurisdiction, source category and date.","Compare measured emissions with the applicable limits."],"mustNot":["Help a product or plant defeat or cheat emissions testing.","Present a limit from one jurisdiction or period as applying elsewhere.","Report compliance when measurements are missing or invalid."],"requiresHuman":["Certifying that a vehicle, engine or plant complies.","Reporting suspected test manipulation to authorities."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Emissions harm public health, most for people living near roads and industry.","Cheating on standards transfers harm from companies to the public."],"affectedParties":["People breathing polluted air","Workers at regulated sources","Regulators"]},"owners":{"steward":"The public authority that sets and enforces it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Official gazettes","Type approval records"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q5381360","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.emission-standard","Wikidata: Q1745938 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1745938)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Regulated release pathway: Air emission; water discharge; release to land; multiple pathways; unresolved","Pollutant or emission attribute: Named substances, pollutant groups or defined attributes such as particle number, opacity or visible smoke","Covered source category: Categories defined by source type, sector, capacity, fuel, technology, manufacture date or operating use","Requirement form: Concentration limit; mass-rate limit; activity-normalised limit; total-load limit; reduction requirement; work-practice requirement; combination","Emission limit: Value and unit as specified, for example mg/m³, g/km, g/kWh, kg/h or percentage reduction, paired with its applicable conditions","Temporal evaluation basis: Instantaneous value; test-cycle result; batch result; rolling average; fixed-period average; cumulative period total","Reference conditions: Specified temperature, pressure, moisture basis, oxygen correction, dilution basis and other required normalisations","Authority and incorporation: Issuing body and any legislation, permit, contract or programme that adopts the standard","Edition status: Draft; published; amended; superseded; withdrawn, with applicability dates recorded separately","Accepted evidence methods: Referenced sampling, laboratory, continuous-monitoring, calculation and conformity-assessment methods"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Match a described emitting source and assessment date to candidate applicable requirements.","Extract condition-specific limits while preserving their units, averaging rules and exceptions.","Prepare a testing or monitoring checklist from the standard's evidence requirements.","Assess whether supplied emissions evidence is comparable to the applicable limit and identify missing evidence.","Compare editions to identify changed limits, source coverage, methods and transition provisions.","Produce a traceable compliance assessment or flag why a conclusion cannot yet be reached."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Weak or poorly enforced limits allow harmful pollution.","Test conditions that differ from real use can understate emissions."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Clean Air Act, United States Congress, enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency.","Euro emission standards for road vehicles, European Union."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["An emission standard is used in environmental regulation to limit pollutant releases from sources such as vehicles, industrial plants and combustion equipment.","It supports permitting, equipment design and compliance assessment by connecting allowable emissions to specified source categories and measurement conditions."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1745938: emission standard","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1745938","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Emission standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standard","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does the registry intend emission standard to cover air emissions only, or also water discharges and releases to land?","Does this entry include voluntary technical standards and work-practice requirements, or only instruments establishing enforceable emission limits?","Does an existing Vercy world model already cover this concept, requiring a registry link instead of a separate publication?","Should named regulatory stages and amendments be represented as editions of a standard or as related standards, and what authoritative identity convention supports that choice?","Which authoritative examples should research use to test coverage across mobile sources, stationary sources, fugitive emissions and any other included release pathways?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1745938/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1745938/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T09:28:35Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"not-applicable","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:26+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane INF: no invented physical properties.","interaction.recognition":"An emission standard is an abstract requirement whose identity and applicability must be established from its content rather than visual appearance."},"score":1.0}}