{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.sodium-bicarbonate","code":"thing-q179731","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q179731/","name":"sodium bicarbonate","alternateNames":["Arm & Hammer"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Sodium bicarbonate is the inorganic salt NaHCO₃, composed of sodium and hydrogen carbonate ions, that forms a white crystalline solid and acts as a weak base and an acid-neutralizing agent.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise sodium bicarbonate, assess the condition and suitability of a particular material lot, and determine which uses its composition, grade and handling constraints support.","scope":{"in":["Chemical identity and differentiation from sodium carbonate and other bicarbonate salts","Solid material and identified aqueous preparations, with concentration and conditions recorded","Assay, moisture, impurities, particle properties and lot-specific grade evidence","Acid neutralisation, carbon dioxide release and thermal decomposition","Storage condition, hazard evidence and requirements governing a proposed use"],"out":["Baking powder, cleaning mixtures and other formulated products containing sodium bicarbonate","Clinical diagnosis, treatment selection and patient-specific dosing","Manufacturing plant design and process operation","Complete food recipes and leavening process models","Sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and other separately identified substances"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["The stated composition is NaHCO3, with sodium and bicarbonate in a 1:1 formula ratio; sodium carbonate instead has composition Na2CO3.","A suitable identity assessment establishes both sodium and bicarbonate; white appearance or carbon dioxide evolution under acid alone does not uniquely identify the substance.","An aqueous pH result must be interpreted with concentration and temperature; it can help distinguish bicarbonate-rich material from carbonate-rich material but is not sufficient identification by itself.","A material sold as baking powder contains additional ingredients and must be represented as a formulation rather than identified wholesale as sodium bicarbonate.","Heating can produce sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water; resulting carbonate content distinguishes altered material from the original bicarbonate specification."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"bicarbonate-identity-and-boundaries","name":"Bicarbonate identity and boundaries","description":"Establishes the sodium bicarbonate identity and separates it from related salts and containing products.","layers":[{"id":"chemical-identity-evidence","name":"Chemical identity evidence","description":"Connects composition and analytical evidence to verified substance records.","findings":[{"id":"sodium-and-bicarbonate-confirmation","name":"Sodium and bicarbonate confirmation","description":"Recognition requires evidence consistent with NaHCO3 rather than appearance or a single nonspecific reaction.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence establishes both sodium and bicarbonate and distinguishes the sample from sodium carbonate or another bicarbonate salt?","id":"sodium-and-bicarbonate-confirmation-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which authoritative records verify the CAS number, PubChem CID and EC number attached to this identity?","id":"sodium-and-bicarbonate-confirmation-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"substance-product-boundary","name":"Substance and product boundary","description":"Determines whether the referent is the substance, a prepared solution or a multi-ingredient product.","findings":[{"id":"containing-product-separation","name":"Containing product separation","description":"A bicarbonate ingredient does not make an entire formulation an instance of the pure substance.","questions":[{"text":"Does the name refer to sodium bicarbonate material, a solution of stated composition, or a formulation such as baking powder?","id":"containing-product-separation-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which additives, solvents or other active ingredients require a linked product or mixture model?","id":"containing-product-separation-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"lot-composition-and-grade","name":"Lot composition and grade","description":"Records how much bicarbonate a lot contains and what its documented quality permits.","layers":[{"id":"assay-and-impurity-profile","name":"Assay and impurity profile","description":"Separates bicarbonate assay from moisture, carbonate and other relevant constituents.","findings":[{"id":"interpretable-bicarbonate-assay","name":"Interpretable bicarbonate assay","description":"An assay must identify its basis and method and explain how carbonate or other alkalinity contributors are handled.","questions":[{"text":"What is the sodium bicarbonate mass fraction, on what reporting basis, and by which analytical method?","id":"interpretable-bicarbonate-assay-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How were sodium carbonate, moisture and use-relevant impurities measured or bounded rather than counted indiscriminately as bicarbonate?","id":"interpretable-bicarbonate-assay-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"grade-evidence-and-use","name":"Grade evidence and use","description":"Links lot evidence to a named specification and intended application.","findings":[{"id":"documented-use-qualification","name":"Documented use qualification","description":"Suitability depends on demonstrated requirements rather than an unqualified food, pharmaceutical or laboratory label.","questions":[{"text":"Which specification and edition define the claimed grade, and which lot-specific certificate supports conformance?","id":"documented-use-qualification-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which requirements of the proposed use are satisfied, untested or outside the scope of that grade?","id":"documented-use-qualification-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"physical-state-and-transformation","name":"Physical state and transformation","description":"Tracks solid handling properties, dissolution and thermal alteration.","layers":[{"id":"solid-and-solution-condition","name":"Solid and solution condition","description":"Makes observed physical condition and aqueous measurements interpretable.","findings":[{"id":"condition-dependent-properties","name":"Condition-dependent properties","description":"Particle properties, moisture, solubility and pH need sample and measurement conditions.","questions":[{"text":"What particle distribution, moisture level and caking condition affect this solid lot's flow, dust generation and dissolution?","id":"condition-dependent-properties-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"For an aqueous preparation, what concentration, temperature and carbon dioxide exposure accompany the measured pH and dissolution observations?","id":"condition-dependent-properties-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"thermal-conversion","name":"Thermal conversion","description":"Distinguishes thermal decomposition from reversible changes of physical phase.","findings":[{"id":"bicarbonate-to-carbonate-change","name":"Bicarbonate-to-carbonate change","description":"Heating can convert sodium bicarbonate to sodium carbonate with release of carbon dioxide and water.","questions":[{"text":"What temperature, duration, atmosphere and analytical evidence establish whether thermal conversion has occurred?","id":"bicarbonate-to-carbonate-change-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does a reported melting or boiling value actually describe decomposition, and what source and method justify the interpretation?","id":"bicarbonate-to-carbonate-change-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"reactivity-and-handling-decisions","name":"Reactivity and handling decisions","description":"Connects bicarbonate chemistry and documented safety requirements to proposed operations.","layers":[{"id":"neutralisation-and-gas-release","name":"Neutralisation and gas release","description":"Characterises acid consumption and carbon dioxide generation under specified conditions.","findings":[{"id":"bounded-reaction-capacity","name":"Bounded reaction capacity","description":"Neutralisation and gas estimates require assay, available reactants and explicit reaction assumptions.","questions":[{"text":"Given the lot assay and available acid, what bicarbonate amount can react and what carbon dioxide quantity follows from the stated stoichiometric assumptions?","id":"bounded-reaction-capacity-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How will reaction rate, foaming and gas escape be accommodated, particularly if any part of the operation is enclosed?","id":"bounded-reaction-capacity-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"storage-and-applicable-safety","name":"Storage and applicable safety","description":"Uses verified documentation and exposure conditions to guide storage and handling.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-based-handling","name":"Evidence-based handling","description":"Handling decisions require applicable classification evidence and consideration of dust, moisture, heat and incompatible contact.","questions":[{"text":"What current supplier SDS, jurisdictional GHS classification and applicable particulate exposure limits cover this material and operation?","id":"evidence-based-handling-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What packaging, storage conditions and handling controls preserve the required grade and manage dust or unintended acid and heat exposure?","id":"evidence-based-handling-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of sodium bicarbonate this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Report uses, grade and labelling from product information.","Use it in cooking or cleaning on the user's instructions."],"mustNot":["Recommend it as a treatment for illness, including cancer, without evidence.","Advise people to take it as an antacid regularly without medical advice.","Mix it with acids in closed containers."],"requiresHuman":["Medical use in people with heart, kidney or blood pressure conditions."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Misinformation promotes it as a cure for serious illness, which can delay treatment.","High sodium intake is risky for some people."],"affectedParties":["People with heart or kidney disease","People seeking remedies"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: a common chemical; producers answer for each product.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1508568","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q56810858","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q622311","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.sodium-bicarbonate","Wikidata: Q179731 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179731)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Chemical identity: NaHCO3; sodium bicarbonate; sodium hydrogen carbonate","External identity records: Verified CAS, PubChem and EC records with source and verification date","Sodium bicarbonate assay: Mass percentage, stating as-received or dry basis and analytical method","Carbonate and other impurities: Mass percentage or mg/kg by named analyte, method and reporting limit","Moisture content: Mass percentage with method; distinguish water determination from loss on drying","Physical form and particle distribution: Powder, crystals, granules or aqueous preparation; particle-size distribution in µm where applicable","Solution concentration and pH: Concentration in mol/L or g/L; pH with temperature in °C and preparation conditions","Thermal behaviour: Decomposition observations in °C with heating rate, atmosphere and method; melting or boiling entries qualified for decomposition","Grade and conformance: Named specification, edition, supplier claim, lot certificate and verified conformance status","Hazard and exposure assessment: Current applicable SDS and GHS status by jurisdiction; applicable exposure limits in mg/m³ with averaging period and particulate fraction"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Fine white powder, often sold as baking soda."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Check whether a named material or lot is sodium bicarbonate using identity evidence and composition.","Calculate bicarbonate quantity and potential acid-neutralising capacity from mass, assay and reaction assumptions.","Assess whether dissolution, moisture exposure or heating has changed the material's usable state.","Evaluate carbon dioxide generation and containment requirements before a proposed acid-contact operation.","Match a documented lot to a specified use and flag missing grade or impurity evidence.","Choose storage and handling measures from verified material condition and applicable safety documentation."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Overuse as an antacid can upset the body's salt and acid balance.","Pressure build-up when mixed with acids in sealed containers."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The General Standard for Food Additives, CXS 192-1995, issued by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, includes sodium hydrogen carbonate as food additive INS 500(ii) within its food-use provisions.","The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives publishes identity and purity specifications for sodium hydrogen carbonate used as a food additive."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Sodium bicarbonate is used in food preparation as a raising agent and acidity regulator.","It is also encountered in cleaning, laboratory buffering and products that use its acid-neutralizing properties.","The intended application determines the required grade, purity and supporting documentation."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q179731: sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179731","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which authoritative sources confirm the CAS number, PubChem CID and EC number, and do their records consistently refer to the same substance scope?","Which solubility, density and solution-pH reference measurements should be adopted, with explicit temperature, concentration and measurement conditions?","How should thermal decomposition be represented across heating rates and atmospheres, and which published melting or boiling entries require qualification?","Which current jurisdictional classifications and exposure limits apply, including whether any relevant limit is substance-specific or a general particulate limit?","Which food, pharmaceutical, analytical and technical specifications should be supported, and what lot evidence and analytical methods adequately establish conformance?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q179731/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q179731/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T14:13:34Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:27+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}