{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.liquefaction","code":"thing-q180208","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q180208/","name":"liquefaction","alternateNames":["enzymatic liquefaction","liquefaction of gases"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.4","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.PRC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The process of generating a liquid from a solid or gas, or making non-liquid material behave like a fluid; examples include gas liquefaction by cooling and compression in the production of liquid nitrogen, oxygen, natural gas and hydrogen, melting of solids, coal liquefaction, and enzymatic starch liquefaction in brewing and sugar production. Soil liquefaction during earthquakes falls within the fluid-like behaviour branch without requiring soil particles to become liquid.","purpose":"Let an agent explain liquefaction as liquid formation or fluid-like behaviour of non-liquid material, relay physics, industrial methods and uses from engineering and chemistry sources, describe gas and enzymatic liquefaction, and distinguish the mechanisms and contexts of condensation, melting, soil liquefaction and coal liquefaction within this broader category.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Liquefaction includes liquid formation and fluid-like behaviour of non-liquid material.","Gas liquefaction can involve cooling and compression.","Enzymatic liquefaction is a recognised use of the term.","The term covers several distinct mechanisms and contexts."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What liquefaction is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is liquefaction, and how does it differ from condensation, melting, soil liquefaction and coal liquefaction?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about gases, enzymes, earthquakes or fuels?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"kinds","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","findings":[{"id":"kinds-finding","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","questions":[{"text":"What are gas liquefaction and enzymatic liquefaction?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific kind?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"physics","name":"Physics","description":"Gas liquefaction.","layers":[{"id":"principles","name":"Principles","description":"Principles.","findings":[{"id":"principles-finding","name":"Principles","description":"Principles.","questions":[{"text":"How do critical temperature, compression and the Joule-Thomson effect enable liquefaction?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"processes","name":"Processes","description":"Industrial processes.","findings":[{"id":"processes-finding","name":"Processes","description":"Processes.","questions":[{"text":"How do the Linde, Claude and LNG processes work?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"biotech","name":"Biotech","description":"Enzymatic liquefaction.","layers":[{"id":"starch","name":"Starch","description":"Starch processing.","findings":[{"id":"starch-finding","name":"Starch","description":"Starch.","questions":[{"text":"How do amylases liquefy starch in brewing and syrup production?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits alpha-amylase?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"safety","name":"Safety","description":"Safety.","findings":[{"id":"safety-finding","name":"Safety","description":"Safety.","questions":[{"text":"What safety rules apply to cryogenic liquids?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits cryogenics?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History and other senses.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did Faraday, Cailletet, Linde and Kamerlingh Onnes liquefy gases?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the history of cryogenics?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"soil","name":"Soil","description":"Soil liquefaction.","findings":[{"id":"soil-finding","name":"Soil","description":"Soil.","questions":[{"text":"What is soil liquefaction, and where is it covered?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits soil liquefaction?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the physics of liquefying gases and the general uses of liquefied gases.","Distinguish gas, enzymatic, soil and coal liquefaction.","Report storage and handling rules for liquefied gases from safety sources at a general level."],"mustNot":["Help anyone handle or release cryogenic or flammable liquefied gases outside lawful, trained practice.","Advise storing liquefied gases in closed or unventilated spaces where people are present.","Downplay asphyxiation, cold burns or explosion risk.","Confuse soil liquefaction during earthquakes with the industrial process."],"requiresHuman":["Operating or changing liquefaction or cryogenic plant equipment."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Liquefied gases displace air silently and cause deaths in confined spaces.","Soil liquefaction during earthquakes destroys homes in vulnerable areas."],"affectedParties":["Plant workers","People near storage sites","Residents of earthquake zones"]},"owners":{"steward":"The operator of a liquefaction plant; regulators for industrial gas and seismic safety.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q230953","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q3249551","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"change of state","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"Joule-Thomson effect","type":"related","note":"in gas liquefaction"},{"target":"liquefied natural gas","type":"related"},{"target":"soil liquefaction","type":"related"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.liquefaction","Wikidata: Q180208 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180208)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Linde process: 1895 year - air liquefaction","LNG temperature: about -162 C","liquid nitrogen boiling point: about -196 C"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Liquefaction produces a liquid or makes non-liquid material behave like a fluid.","Examples include gas liquefaction and enzymatic liquefaction.","Condensation converts gas to liquid, melting converts solids to liquid, soil liquefaction involves fluid-like ground behaviour, and coal liquefaction makes liquid fuels.","Not a visible object; plants with compressors, heat exchangers and cryogenic tanks."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain processes","relay industrial methods","describe kinds","distinguish related senses"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Cryogenic burns and asphyxiation","Explosion risks with flammable gases","Confusing senses of liquefaction"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Cryogenic and pressure equipment safety rules","LNG facility regulations"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Producing liquids for storage, transport and processing.","air separation and liquid nitrogen and oxygen","natural gas liquefaction","hydrogen and helium liquefaction","enzymatic starch liquefaction","soil liquefaction as a separate sense","coal liquefaction as a separate sense"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q180208: liquefaction","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180208","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Liquefaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefaction","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should enzymatic liquefaction be a separate primary entry?","How should engineering sources be linked?","How should soil and coal liquefaction be separated?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q180208/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q180208/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T18:31:20Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:27+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}