{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.mortar-and-pestle","code":"thing-q18341850","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q18341850/","name":"mortar and pestle","alternateNames":["apothecary mortar","Mihbaj","Suribachi"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A mortar and pestle is a two-piece comminution and mixing instrument in which a pestle applies cyclic compressive and shear force against the inner surface of a bowl (the mortar) to crush, grind, triturate or disperse solids and pastes in pharmacy, laboratory work and food preparation.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise a mortar-and-pestle set, assess its fitness for a proposed substance and operation, and decide whether to use, clean, repair, replace or withdraw it.","scope":{"in":["Identification of the mortar, pestle and their pairing","Vessel geometry, pestle geometry and usable working space","Materials, coatings and substance-contact surfaces","Manual crushing, grinding and mixing capabilities","Wear, damage, residue and contamination history","Task-specific preparation, handling, cleaning and retirement decisions"],"out":["Recipes, formulations and intended properties of finished preparations","Chemical, biological and toxicological models of substances being processed","Powered mills, grinders and their drive mechanisms","General bowls, mallets and other utensils without a mortar-and-pestle working role","Laboratory or kitchen operating procedures beyond requirements attached to this set","Manufacturing processes and cultural histories of mortar-and-pestle designs"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["The mortar provides an accessible interior working surface against which a separate pestle can press or strike a charge; a storage vessel alone does not establish this identity.","The pestle has a graspable portion and a working end that can contact material within the mortar; an ordinary stirrer does not establish a crushing or grinding role.","The paired geometry permits material to be worked between the pestle and the mortar interior, distinguishing the set from a mallet used against an exposed slab.","Material reduction depends on manipulating the pestle within the vessel, distinguishing the set from a mill with an enclosed grinding mechanism.","A missing component is recorded as an incomplete set or unpaired component when its identity is supported, rather than treating any bowl or blunt implement as a complete set."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"paired-working-geometry","name":"Paired working geometry","description":"How the vessel and handheld implement form a usable mortar-and-pestle set.","layers":[{"id":"component-identity","name":"Component identity","description":"Identifies the mortar, pestle and evidence that they belong in this working relationship.","findings":[{"id":"set-completeness-and-pairing","name":"Set completeness and pairing","description":"Record which components are present and whether their pairing is documented, assessed or unknown.","questions":[{"text":"Which component is the mortar and which is the pestle, and what working features establish those roles?","id":"set-completeness-and-pairing-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Were these components supplied together, paired later or found without pairing evidence?","id":"set-completeness-and-pairing-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"contact-and-clearance","name":"Contact and clearance","description":"Describes whether the pestle can work the charge throughout the relevant interior.","findings":[{"id":"usable-motion-envelope","name":"Usable motion envelope","description":"Record reach, contact regions, hand clearance and geometrical restrictions on pestle movement.","questions":[{"text":"What are the mortar's interior dimensions and the pestle's length and working-end dimensions?","id":"usable-motion-envelope-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Can the pestle reach the intended working regions without its shaft or the user's hand being obstructed by the rim?","id":"usable-motion-envelope-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"substance-contact-surfaces","name":"Substance-contact surfaces","description":"The construction and texture of surfaces that contact the charge.","layers":[{"id":"contact-construction","name":"Contact construction","description":"Identifies the exposed materials separately from the apparent bulk material.","findings":[{"id":"material-and-coating-evidence","name":"Material and coating evidence","description":"Record material identifications, finishes and the evidence supporting them for each working surface.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence identifies the mortar interior and pestle working-end materials, including any lining or coating?","id":"material-and-coating-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which surface properties or manufacturer restrictions must be established before contact with the proposed substance?","id":"material-and-coating-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"surface-engagement","name":"Surface engagement","description":"Describes the texture and contact pattern through which the pair works material.","findings":[{"id":"texture-and-charge-engagement","name":"Texture and charge engagement","description":"Record observed working-surface texture and task evidence about how the charge behaves between the surfaces.","questions":[{"text":"Where are the mortar and pestle surfaces smooth, textured or uneven, and how was this assessed?","id":"texture-and-charge-engagement-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does a suitable task assessment show the charge being worked, slipping away or becoming trapped outside effective contact?","id":"texture-and-charge-engagement-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"charge-and-working-method","name":"Charge and working method","description":"Relates a specified charge to feasible motions, batch size and material recovery.","layers":[{"id":"operation-fit","name":"Operation fit","description":"Matches the proposed processing action to the set and substance.","findings":[{"id":"supported-working-motion","name":"Supported working motion","description":"Record the intended motion and the evidence that the set can tolerate and perform it.","questions":[{"text":"Does the task require pressing, pounding, circular grinding, mixing or a sequence of these motions?","id":"supported-working-motion-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What instructions or task evidence establish which motions and force levels are suitable for this pair?","id":"supported-working-motion-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"batch-control-and-recovery","name":"Batch control and recovery","description":"Captures workable charge size, escape and retained material.","findings":[{"id":"usable-charge-and-transfer","name":"Usable charge and transfer","description":"Record a task-specific charge range and how processed material can be removed from the interior and pestle.","questions":[{"text":"What charge mass or volume leaves enough working space for the chosen motion without unacceptable spill, splash or particle escape?","id":"usable-charge-and-transfer-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How will the processed charge be recovered, and what material remains on the pestle or within the mortar?","id":"usable-charge-and-transfer-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"working-integrity-and-support","name":"Working integrity and support","description":"Condition of the loaded components and their stability during manual operation.","layers":[{"id":"damage-and-wear","name":"Damage and wear","description":"Locates deterioration where it can affect the charge or the component's ability to withstand use.","findings":[{"id":"working-surface-and-body-defects","name":"Working-surface and body defects","description":"Record defects in the mortar body, rim and interior and in the pestle shaft and working end.","questions":[{"text":"Where are cracks, chips, coating loss, loose particles or changed wear patterns visible or otherwise detected?","id":"working-surface-and-body-defects-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which observed defects require withdrawal or further assessment under the applicable use criteria?","id":"working-surface-and-body-defects-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"manual-control","name":"Manual control","description":"Assesses support, grip and clearance under the intended working motion.","findings":[{"id":"vessel-stability-and-pestle-grip","name":"Vessel stability and pestle grip","description":"Record whether the mortar stays controlled and the pestle can be held and moved reliably in the proposed setup.","questions":[{"text":"Does the mortar rock, slide or tip on the intended support during the proposed operation?","id":"vessel-stability-and-pestle-grip-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What support arrangement and grip permit controlled pestle motion with adequate hand clearance?","id":"vessel-stability-and-pestle-grip-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"contact-history-and-readiness","name":"Contact history and readiness","description":"Prior charges, retained residues and the evidence needed to release the set for its next task.","layers":[{"id":"prior-charge-exposure","name":"Prior charge exposure","description":"Tracks substance contact across both components and any dedicated-use boundary.","findings":[{"id":"shared-contact-history","name":"Shared contact history","description":"Record prior uses of each component, including mismatched histories after replacement or re-pairing.","questions":[{"text":"What substances have contacted each component, and which parts of that history are undocumented?","id":"shared-contact-history-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does either component carry a dedicated-use restriction that excludes the proposed charge?","id":"shared-contact-history-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"cleaning-and-release","name":"Cleaning and release","description":"Connects cleaning evidence and remaining uncertainty to a specific next-use decision.","findings":[{"id":"next-charge-readiness","name":"Next-charge readiness","description":"Record the supported cleaning method, its completion and the criteria used to judge readiness for the next charge.","questions":[{"text":"Which cleaning and drying method is supported for these surfaces and the residues of the previous charge?","id":"next-charge-readiness-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What inspection or verification is required before this pair can be released for the named next use?","id":"next-charge-readiness-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of mortar and pestle this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of mortar and pestle this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of mortar and pestle this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of mortar and pestle this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of mortar and pestle this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of mortar and pestle this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of mortar and pestle this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of mortar and pestle this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Grind and mix foods or ingredients for a user who has asked for it.","Clean and inspect the mortar and pestle for cracks and residue."],"mustNot":["Grind hazardous chemicals or medicines in a mortar used for food.","Crush tablets for a patient without checking with a pharmacist that it is safe.","Use a cracked stone or ceramic mortar that can shed fragments into food or medicine."],"requiresHuman":["Preparing medicines for a patient by grinding or mixing."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Cross-contamination can poison people or trigger allergies.","Traditional tools carry cultural heritage in many cuisines."],"affectedParties":["Diners","Patients","Pharmacy and laboratory workers"]},"owners":{"steward":"The person or business that owns it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q12527148","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q1521410","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q2578402","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q3773693","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q834028","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q904170","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.mortar-and-pestle","Wikidata: Q18341850 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18341850)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Component completeness: paired set | mortar only | pestle only | uncertain","Pairing evidence: Mortar linked to pestle; supplied together | documented replacement | assessed pairing | unverified","Interior and pestle dimensions: Mortar opening width and interior depth, pestle length and working-end width in mm","Working capacity: Interior volume in mL; task-assessed charge range in g or mL with substance and operation recorded","Contact-material construction: Named material, coating or lining for each contact surface; identification evidence; unknown allowed","Working-surface texture: Observed texture and distribution by surface; smooth | textured | uneven | altered | unknown","Structural and surface condition: Mapped cracks, chips, loose material, coating loss and wear; none observed | present | uncertain","Substance-contact history: Links to prior charges, dedicated-use restrictions, cleaning records and verification results; unknown history allowed","Task readiness: ready | preparation required | unsuitable | undetermined, for a named substance and operation"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A heavy bowl of stone, wood, ceramic or metal with a club-shaped grinding tool."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Assess whether the mortar and pestle form a usable pair for a specified charge.","Crush or grind a charge through task-appropriate pressing, pounding or rubbing motions.","Mix or work a charge into a paste when the set and substances are suitable.","Portion the charge and recover processed material while accounting for retained residue.","Inspect and clean working surfaces using methods supported for their construction and use history.","Dedicate, re-pair or withdraw the set when contamination, damage or component mismatch requires it."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Residues can contaminate later preparations.","Dropping a heavy mortar can cause foot and hand injuries."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004, issued by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, applies to mortar-and-pestle materials and articles intended for food contact in the European Union.","Commission Regulation (EC) No 2023/2006, issued by the European Commission, sets good manufacturing practice requirements for food-contact materials and articles."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["A mortar and pestle is used in kitchens to crush spices, grind seeds and combine ingredients into pastes.","Laboratories and pharmacies use suitable sets to reduce particle size and mix small quantities of materials.","The bowl and pestle materials are selected for compatibility with the substance and the required cleanliness."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Mortar and pestle - Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle","note":"Core definition, historical pharmacy association, Wedgwood origin, trituration, and uses in kitchen, laboratory, pigment and construction work."},{"title":"mortar and pestle (Q18341850) - Wikidata (Wikimedia Foundation)","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18341850","note":"Canonical identifier and Google Product Taxonomy code 3999 for kitchen mortars and pestles."},{"title":"Practical Pharmaceutics, ch. 28 Equipment - Springer (via University of Groningen)","url":"https://research.rug.nl/files/871401150/978-3-031-20298-8_28.pdf","note":"Pharmacy materials (porcelain, melamine, stainless steel), rough versus smooth walls, wall-loss percentages, and operating practice."},{"title":"Practical Pharmaceutics, ch. 29 Basic Operations - Springer (via University of Groningen)","url":"https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/1040597430/978-3-031-20298-8_29.pdf","note":"Particle-size limits of hand grinding (~30-50 µm; useful above ~100 µm) and geometric mixing in a mortar."},{"title":"Compounding equipment chapter - American Society of Health-System Pharmacists","url":"https://publications.ashp.org/previewpdf/display/book/9781585287048/chapter022.xml","note":"Practice distinction among glass, Wedgwood and porcelain mortars; matched pestle-mortar wear; lactose dusting of porous surfaces."},{"title":"Quality-by-Design Compounding of Semisolids Using an Electronic Mortar and Pestle - Pharmaceutics (MDPI)","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/18/2/205","note":"USP <795> requirements that compounding equipment be suitable, non-reactive, non-adsorptive and non-additive; electronic mortar-and-pestle (Unguator) jar range."},{"title":"Mortar and disc mills brochure - Retsch / Lab Unlimited","url":"https://www.labunlimited.co.uk/pdf/brochure_mortar_disc_mills_en.pdf","note":"German Pharmacopoeia (DAB) stipulation of hard-porcelain grinding sets; agate composition and Mohs hardness."},{"title":"Foundation in Pharmacy Practice - Pharmaceutical Press (2008)","url":"","note":"Glass versus porcelain selection, matching flat or rounded pestle and mortar, and use for emulsions and particle-size reduction."},{"title":"Handbook of Pharmacy (historical) - U.S. National Library of Medicine","url":"https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ocr/nlm:nlmuid-61570240R-bk","note":"Iron/bronze, Wedgwood, porcelain, glass and agate types; trituration motion; pestle-handle cement failure."},{"title":"Suribachi - Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suribachi","note":"Japanese suribachi/surikogi form, kushi-no-me interior, wooden pestle, 10-30 cm bowl diameter, and distinction from usu/kine."},{"title":"The Best Mortars and Pestles of 2025 - America's Test Kitchen","url":"https://www.americastestkitchen.com/equipment_reviews/2140-mortars-and-pestles","note":"Kitchen-practice distinction among European, Thai granite and Mexican molcajete forms (wall height, grinding floor, legs)."},{"title":"Sequences of molcajete production (Purépecha workshop ethnography) - IRD","url":"https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2025-06/010093484.pdf","note":"Typical molcajete bowl diameter 15-20 cm (range about 10 cm to 1 m) and three-legged form."}],"openQuestions":["Which registry boundary should apply to decorative miniatures, very large pounding vessels and mechanically driven pestle arrangements?","Which authoritative material-specific guidance establishes substance compatibility, cleaning limits and any initial surface preparation requirements?","What defensible assessment method establishes usable charge ranges and processing capability without assigning universal capacities or particle-size outcomes?","Which damage and wear criteria justify continued use, replacement of one component or retirement of the entire pair?","What evidence is sufficient to clear an unknown or mixed contact history for food, pharmaceutical or analytical use?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q18341850/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q18341850/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T14:44:04Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:27+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 9 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}