{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.rust","code":"thing-q184197","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q184197/","name":"rust","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Rust is a variable assemblage of iron oxides, oxyhydroxides and associated water formed by corrosion of iron or iron-bearing alloys, usually through electrochemical reactions involving moisture and oxygen.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise iron-corrosion products as rust, assess their condition and implications for the affected material, and select evidence-based inspection, containment or treatment actions.","scope":{"in":["Identification of rust and distinction from other deposits, coatings and iron-containing materials","Composition, retained moisture, contaminants and heterogeneity of rust deposits","Deposit coverage, thickness, texture, adhesion and distribution","Relationships to the iron-bearing substrate, exposure environment and observed progression","Rust-specific inspection, sampling, removal, stabilisation and follow-up criteria"],"out":["The Rust programming language and fungal rust diseases","General corrosion mechanisms and corrosion products of nonferrous metals","Complete engineering assessment or remaining-life certification of the host object","Manufactured iron-oxide pigments and mineral specimens without a corrosion-product identity","Specifications for commercial rust removers, converters and protective coatings","Complete maintenance programmes for buildings, vehicles or machinery"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["An identification as rust requires evidence connecting the material to corrosion of an iron-bearing source; an orange or brown colour alone is insufficient.","Rust can be a heterogeneous deposit rather than a pure compound, so assigning one formula or chemical identifier to every rust sample is inappropriate.","Manufactured iron-oxide pigment can resemble rust chemically and visually; production history and its relationship to a corroding substrate distinguish the intended identities.","Mill scale and other heat-formed oxide layers require formation-history evidence to distinguish them from rust, especially where later corrosion has altered their surfaces.","Rust denotes corrosion products: a stained surface, measured metal loss and an active corrosion process are related observations but are not interchangeable identities."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"rust-identity-and-boundaries","name":"Rust identity and boundaries","description":"Establishes whether a deposit is an iron-corrosion product and what material the identification covers.","layers":[{"id":"corrosion-product-identity","name":"Corrosion-product identity","description":"Connects the observed material to an iron-bearing corrosion source.","findings":[{"id":"source-linked-identification","name":"Source-linked identification","description":"The model records the evidence supporting rust identification and whether the source is local, remote or unknown.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence identifies this material as a product of iron corrosion rather than merely an iron-coloured deposit?","id":"source-linked-identification-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Did the rust form on this substrate, arrive through runoff or transfer, or become detached from an unknown source?","id":"source-linked-identification-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"mixture-and-lookalikes","name":"Mixture and lookalikes","description":"Separates the rust assemblage from lookalike materials and independently identified constituents.","findings":[{"id":"assemblage-specific-identity","name":"Assemblage-specific identity","description":"The model permits an unresolved mixture and attaches chemical identifiers only to constituents or characterised materials for which they are justified.","questions":[{"text":"Which constituents have been identified, by what method, and which parts of the deposit remain unresolved?","id":"assemblage-specific-identity-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What evidence distinguishes this sample from manufactured pigment, natural mineral material or heat-formed oxide scale?","id":"assemblage-specific-identity-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"formation-and-exposure-context","name":"Formation and exposure context","description":"Relates rust occurrence to its substrate, water exposure and local deposit environment.","layers":[{"id":"substrate-and-location","name":"Substrate and location","description":"Locates rust relative to the host material and its surface protection.","findings":[{"id":"formation-site-context","name":"Formation-site context","description":"The model records the underlying material and whether rust occurs on bare metal, at coating defects or in concealed interfaces.","questions":[{"text":"What iron-bearing substrate is associated with the deposit, and how was its material identity established?","id":"formation-site-context-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the rust exposed, beneath a coating, within a joint or present only as a stain on an adjacent material?","id":"formation-site-context-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"wetting-and-contaminants","name":"Wetting and contaminants","description":"Records exposure conditions and deposit constituents relevant to continued deterioration.","findings":[{"id":"local-exposure-evidence","name":"Local exposure evidence","description":"The model separates observed wetting and measured contaminants from inferred causes of rust formation.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence describes condensation, immersion, leakage or wet-dry cycling at the rust location?","id":"local-exposure-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What moisture or soluble-contaminant measurements exist, and what sampling basis and detection limits apply?","id":"local-exposure-evidence-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"deposit-condition-and-progression","name":"Deposit condition and progression","description":"Characterises rust accumulation and change while separating deposit observations from substrate damage.","layers":[{"id":"deposit-morphology","name":"Deposit morphology","description":"Describes measurable coverage, thickness, texture and attachment.","findings":[{"id":"mapped-deposit-condition","name":"Mapped deposit condition","description":"The model preserves spatial variation and the methods used to describe the deposit.","questions":[{"text":"What are the rust coverage and thickness over a defined inspection area, and how uncertain are those measurements?","id":"mapped-deposit-condition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Where is the deposit powdery, flaky, layered or compact, and what evidence establishes its adhesion?","id":"mapped-deposit-condition-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"change-and-damage-interface","name":"Change and damage interface","description":"Tracks change and identifies when a separate assessment of the host material is needed.","findings":[{"id":"progression-without-damage-proxy","name":"Progression without a damage proxy","description":"The model records repeat observations and links independent metal-loss evidence without deriving it from rust appearance alone.","questions":[{"text":"Do comparable observations show new deposits, expanding coverage, shedding or recurrence over a stated interval?","id":"progression-without-damage-proxy-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What independent evidence of pitting, section loss or impaired function requires assessment through the host object's model?","id":"progression-without-damage-proxy-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"rust-treatment-and-verification","name":"Rust treatment and verification","description":"Supports decisions about retaining, removing or stabilising rust and checking the outcome.","layers":[{"id":"intervention-selection","name":"Intervention selection","description":"Records treatment objectives, substrate constraints and relevant residue composition.","findings":[{"id":"compatible-treatment-objective","name":"Compatible treatment objective","description":"The model ties treatment to a stated purpose and records limits arising from the substrate, historical significance, coatings and contaminants.","questions":[{"text":"Should this rust be retained, sampled, removed or stabilised, and what intended use or conservation objective determines that choice?","id":"compatible-treatment-objective-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What substrate sensitivities, adjacent coatings or measured contaminants constrain treatment and handling of removed material?","id":"compatible-treatment-objective-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"outcome-and-recurrence","name":"Outcome and recurrence","description":"Defines evidence for treatment completion and subsequent monitoring.","findings":[{"id":"verified-rust-treatment","name":"Verified rust treatment","description":"The model records residual deposits, changes to the exposure source and time-based follow-up rather than treating appearance alone as proof of success.","questions":[{"text":"What observable or measurable endpoint establishes that the selected treatment objective has been met?","id":"verified-rust-treatment-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"When and under what exposure conditions will the surface be checked for residual contamination, renewed rust or coating failure?","id":"verified-rust-treatment-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of rust this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Inspect and report rust on structures, vehicles and equipment it is authorized to monitor.","Treat or remove surface rust following the owner's maintenance plan."],"mustNot":["Paint over or hide structural corrosion so that it escapes inspection.","Certify a corroded structure, vessel or vehicle as safe without proper assessment.","Use abrasive or chemical rust removal without protection for people nearby."],"requiresHuman":["Deciding whether a corroded structure must be closed or taken out of service."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Hidden corrosion has caused bridge, pipeline and building collapses.","Honest inspection protects people who rely on ageing infrastructure."],"affectedParties":["Users of structures and vehicles","Inspectors","Owners"]},"owners":{"steward":"The owner of the corroding object answers for its condition.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q721849","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.rust","Wikidata: Q184197 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184197)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Identification confidence: suspected | supported | analytically characterised; record evidence and limitations","Source substrate: linked iron-bearing material or object; attached | transferred | detached | origin unknown","Constituent phases: identified phases or unresolved mixture, with analytical method and sampling location","Deposit coverage: % of a defined inspected area, with imaging or estimation method","Deposit thickness: µm or mm; location, method and uncertainty required","Deposit morphology and adhesion: powdery | flaky | layered | compact | mixed; adhesion recorded separately by stated method","Moisture and soluble contaminants: moisture content and contaminant concentrations with units, analytical method and wet/dry basis","Observed progression: increasing | no detectable change | decreasing after intervention | unknown; observation interval required","Treatment history: linked cleaning, conversion, stabilisation or coating events with dates and outcomes"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Reddish-brown to orange flaky or powdery coating on iron or steel.","Blistered paint, pitting or staining around fasteners and joints."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Classify a suspected deposit using substrate history, inspection and proportionate analytical confirmation.","Map rust coverage and morphology against repeatable locations on an affected surface.","Sample attached deposits or detached residues while preserving their location and exposure context.","Compare observations over time to identify progression, shedding or recurrence.","Select and document removal, retention or stabilisation criteria appropriate to the substrate and intended use.","Trigger a separate host-object assessment when rust observations suggest concealed damage or compromised function."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Loss of section weakens structures and can lead to sudden failure.","Rusty sharp edges can cause cuts and infections."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["ISO 8501-1, issued by the International Organization for Standardization, defines rust grades and preparation grades for steel substrates before application of paints and related products.","ISO 4628-3, issued by the International Organization for Standardization, provides a method for assessing the degree of rusting on coated surfaces."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Rust is encountered on iron and steel exposed to moisture and oxygen, including structures, vehicles, tools and buried infrastructure.","Its presence and distribution inform corrosion inspection, maintenance planning and preparation of steel surfaces for protective coatings.","Visible rust alone does not establish the depth of metal loss or the remaining strength of an affected component."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q184197: rust","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184197","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which constituent phases and mixed deposits should the registry explicitly include under rust, particularly where heat-formed scale has subsequently corroded?","Which inspection or analytical methods provide sufficient identification confidence for ordinary maintenance versus conservation or laboratory use?","What application-specific criteria distinguish acceptable retained rust from deposits requiring removal or further substrate assessment?","Which validated methods and observation intervals should be used to assess progression under different wetting and coating conditions?","How should constituent identifiers, hazard classifications and waste requirements be represented for rust mixed with salts, alloy constituents or old coating residues?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q184197/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q184197/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T11:52:52Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:27+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}