{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.thulium","code":"thing-q1853","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1853/","name":"thulium","alternateNames":["thulium-169","thulium-170","thulium-171","thulium-172","thulium-173","thulium-174","thulium-175","thulium-176","thulium-177","thulium-178","thulium-179","thulium-145"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A chemical element with symbol Tm and atomic number 69, a silvery lanthanide metal and the second rarest of the rare earth elements; thulium occurs in monazite and other minerals, has one stable isotope, thulium-169, and is used in portable X-ray sources through its isotope thulium-170, in solid-state lasers and in some superconductors.","purpose":"Let an agent identify thulium and its properties, relay isotopes, occurrence and uses from reference sources, and distinguish it from neighbouring lanthanides.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Second rarest lanthanide","Single stable isotope Tm-169","Tm-170 as X-ray source","Trivalent chemistry with blue-green luminescence"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"identify","name":"Identify","description":"What thulium is.","layers":[{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","findings":[{"id":"properties-finding","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","questions":[{"text":"What are the physical and chemical properties of thulium?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about thulium or a neighbouring lanthanide?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"isotopes","name":"Isotopes","description":"Isotopes.","findings":[{"id":"isotopes-finding","name":"Isotopes","description":"Isotopes.","questions":[{"text":"Which isotopes exist, and which are stable or useful?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific isotope?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"source","name":"Source","description":"Occurrence and production.","layers":[{"id":"occurrence","name":"Occurrence","description":"Occurrence.","findings":[{"id":"occurrence-finding","name":"Occurrence","description":"Occurrence.","questions":[{"text":"Where does thulium occur, and how is it separated from other rare earths?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits rare earth mining?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"supply","name":"Supply","description":"Supply.","findings":[{"id":"supply-finding","name":"Supply","description":"Supply.","questions":[{"text":"Who produces thulium, and how scarce is it, with sources?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Uses.","layers":[{"id":"xray","name":"X-ray","description":"X-ray sources.","findings":[{"id":"xray-finding","name":"Xray","description":"Xray.","questions":[{"text":"How is thulium-170 used in portable X-ray sources, and what safety rules apply?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits radiography?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"lasers","name":"Lasers","description":"Lasers and materials.","findings":[{"id":"lasers-finding","name":"Lasers","description":"Lasers.","questions":[{"text":"How is thulium used in lasers, fibres and superconductors?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History.","layers":[{"id":"discovery","name":"Discovery","description":"Discovery.","findings":[{"id":"discovery-finding","name":"Discovery","description":"Discovery.","questions":[{"text":"How was thulium discovered by Cleve in 1879, and how was it named?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the history of the rare earths?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How is thulium presented in teaching the lanthanides?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the periodic table?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Report thulium's properties, isotopes and uses, such as in lasers and portable X-ray sources.","Trace thulium supply information from reported sources."],"mustNot":["Handle radioactive thulium sources without licensed controls.","Misrepresent the origin of rare earth material to hide harmful mining practices.","Dispose of thulium-bearing devices or residues outside proper channels."],"requiresHuman":["Moving or disposing of a radioactive thulium source."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Rare earth mining causes heavy pollution and often poor working conditions.","Radioactive sources used in imaging must be kept from people who could be hurt."],"affectedParties":["Mining communities","Patients and operators of imaging equipment"]},"owners":{"steward":"The holder of the material; radiation regulators license radioactive sources.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q19569","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"lanthanide","type":"related","note":"the series"},{"target":"rare earth element","type":"related","note":"in general terms"},{"target":"erbium","type":"related","note":"element 68"},{"target":"ytterbium","type":"related","note":"element 70"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.thulium","Wikidata: Q1853 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853)","symbol: Tm","CAS: 7440-30-4"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["atomic number: 69 Z","standard atomic weight: 168.934 u","melting point: 1545 degrees C","density: 9.32 g/cm3"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Element 69, symbol Tm","Lanthanide with one stable isotope","Neighbouring erbium and ytterbium have similar chemistry","A soft, silvery-grey metal that tarnishes slowly in air."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["relay properties and isotopes","explain occurrence and extraction","relay uses","distinguish from other lanthanides"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Radiation from activated isotopes","Dust flammability of fine metal","Supply concentration in few countries"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Radiation safety rules for thulium-170 sources","Rare earth trade and export controls","Chemical safety data sheets"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Portable X-ray sources, lasers and research uses.","thulium metal and alloys","thulium compounds such as the oxide and halides","isotopes from thulium-144 to thulium-183, with Tm-169 stable and Tm-170 and Tm-171 of practical use","thulium-doped laser and fibre materials"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1853: thulium","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Thulium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should isotopes be separate entries?","How should reference data be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming isotopes; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1853/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1853/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T21:47:57Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:55+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}