{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.metaphor","code":"thing-q18534","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q18534/","name":"metaphor","alternateNames":["primary rock","parable","Quranic parable","spatial metaphor","copular metaphor","red line","Extended metaphor","Internet metaphors","conceptual metaphor","mitate","interface metaphor","elephant in the room"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.KNW"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another to suggest a likeness without using like or as, as in time is a thief; metaphor pervades everyday language and thought as well as literature, and is studied in rhetoric, linguistics, cognitive science and philosophy as a way of understanding one domain through another.","purpose":"Let an agent recognise and explain metaphors, distinguish metaphor from simile, metonymy, analogy and parable, relay theories of metaphor with attribution, and support interpretation, writing and translation.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Transfer of meaning between domains","Implicit comparison","Conventional and creative forms","Cognitive as well as rhetorical"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"concept","name":"Concept","description":"What a metaphor is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is a metaphor, and how do source and target domains relate?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the figure a metaphor, a simile, a metonymy, an analogy or a parable?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"kinds","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","findings":[{"id":"kinds-finding","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","questions":[{"text":"What kinds of metaphor exist, from dead to creative and conceptual?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the related figure?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"interpret","name":"Interpret","description":"Reading metaphors.","layers":[{"id":"analysis","name":"Analysis","description":"Analysing a metaphor.","findings":[{"id":"analysis-finding","name":"Analysis","description":"Analysis.","questions":[{"text":"How is a metaphor identified and analysed in a text?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What does the metaphor in question convey?","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"effects","name":"Effects","description":"Effects.","findings":[{"id":"effects-finding","name":"Effects","description":"Effects.","questions":[{"text":"How do metaphors shape understanding and persuasion, with findings attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits rhetoric?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"theory","name":"Theory","description":"Theories of metaphor.","layers":[{"id":"theories","name":"Theories","description":"Theories.","findings":[{"id":"theories-finding","name":"Theories","description":"Theories.","questions":[{"text":"What do rhetorical, cognitive and philosophical theories say about metaphor, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"research","name":"Research","description":"Research.","findings":[{"id":"research-finding","name":"Research","description":"Research.","questions":[{"text":"How is metaphor studied empirically in linguistics and psychology?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits cognitive linguistics?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Writing and translation.","layers":[{"id":"writing","name":"Writing","description":"Writing.","findings":[{"id":"writing-finding","name":"Writing","description":"Writing.","questions":[{"text":"How are metaphors used well in writing, and what do style guides warn against?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits style guides?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"translation","name":"Translation","description":"Translation.","findings":[{"id":"translation-finding","name":"Translation","description":"Translation.","questions":[{"text":"How are metaphors handled in translation across languages and cultures?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which entry fits translation?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify and explain metaphors in a text.","Suggest clearer wording where a metaphor confuses or mixes images."],"mustNot":["Read a metaphor literally when reporting what a person said.","Present a metaphor as established fact in science, medicine or policy.","Use dehumanising metaphors, such as vermin or flood, to describe groups of people.","Translate a metaphor word for word where its meaning is lost."],"requiresHuman":["Choosing the framing metaphors of a public health or policy message."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Metaphors shape how people think about illness, migrants and conflict; some cause real harm."],"affectedParties":["People described by metaphors","Readers and listeners"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the concept; it belongs to the speakers of each language.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q10690215","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q843227","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"figure of speech","type":"related","note":"a trope"},{"target":"simile","type":"related","note":"an explicit comparison"},{"target":"metonymy","type":"related","note":"a neighbouring trope"},{"target":"cognitive linguistics","type":"related","note":"conceptual metaphor theory"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.metaphor","Wikidata: Q18534 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Direct identification of one thing with another","Source and target domains","Simile uses like or as; metonymy substitutes an associated thing; parable is a narrative","Not visible; words used in a transferred sense."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify metaphors in text","explain how a metaphor works","distinguish related figures","relay theories with attribution"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Mixed and confusing metaphors","Literal misreading of metaphors","Metaphors that mislead in policy or science"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["No regulation; style guides advise on use"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Understanding and expressing one thing in terms of another.","conventional and dead metaphors","creative and extended metaphors","conceptual metaphors such as argument is war","spatial and orientational metaphors","mixed metaphors","political metaphors such as red line"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q18534: metaphor","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18534","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should conceptual metaphor be a separate entry?","How should theories be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases for parables and a geological term; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q18534/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q18534/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T20:35:42Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:55+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane INF: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}