{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.coining","code":"thing-q1894248","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1894248/","name":"coining","alternateNames":["hammered coinage","Schleswig-Holstein","Islamic coinage","milled coinage","cast coinage","Al marco coinage","Sasanian coinage","Conder Tokens","Sasanian coinage of Sindh"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.PRC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Coining is the manufacture of coins by stamping metal blanks with dies that impress designs, historically by hand hammering and later by mechanised minting, including press-struck coins commonly described as milled coinage; casting coins in moulds falls outside this sense, and milling does not itself mean impressing designs with dies. Coin manufacture has been undertaken by state authorities and private issuers in differing historical and legal settings; authority is not a defining feature of the stamping process. Islamic coinage is a historical category rather than a stamping method, and the separate senses of metal forming and word invention fall outside this model.","purpose":"Let an agent explain coining as a manufacturing process and its history, identify methods and coinage traditions, relay minting standards and legal frameworks, and separate the sense from coining in metal forming and word formation.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Dies impress designs onto metal blanks to manufacture coins.","State and private coin manufacture both occur historically, with legal status depending on context.","Historical stamping methods include hand hammering and mechanised striking.","Standards of weight and fineness depend on the issuing context."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"process","name":"Process","description":"How coins are made.","layers":[{"id":"methods","name":"Methods","description":"Methods.","findings":[{"id":"methods-finding","name":"Methods","description":"Methods.","questions":[{"text":"How are coins made by hammering, milling and casting, and how does modern minting work?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about coin manufacture, metal forming or word coining?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"dies","name":"Dies","description":"Dies and design.","findings":[{"id":"dies-finding","name":"Dies","description":"Dies.","questions":[{"text":"How are dies engraved and used, and how do die studies help numismatics?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits die engraving?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"traditions","name":"Traditions","description":"Coinage traditions.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did coining develop from Lydia and China through medieval hammering to milled coinage?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"regional","name":"Regional","description":"Regional traditions.","findings":[{"id":"regional-finding","name":"Regional","description":"Regional.","questions":[{"text":"What characterises Islamic, East Asian and European regional coinages?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific tradition?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"law","name":"Law","description":"Law and standards.","layers":[{"id":"authority","name":"Authority","description":"Minting authority.","findings":[{"id":"authority-finding","name":"Authority","description":"Authority.","questions":[{"text":"Who has the right to coin, and how do coinage acts set standards?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits mint?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"counterfeit","name":"Counterfeit","description":"Counterfeiting.","findings":[{"id":"counterfeit-finding","name":"Counterfeit","description":"Counterfeit.","questions":[{"text":"How are counterfeits detected and prosecuted, in general terms?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits counterfeit money?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"study","name":"Study","description":"Numismatics and other senses.","layers":[{"id":"numismatics","name":"Numismatics","description":"Numismatics.","findings":[{"id":"numismatics-finding","name":"Numismatics","description":"Numismatics.","questions":[{"text":"How do numismatists study coining methods and mints?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"other","name":"Other","description":"Other senses.","findings":[{"id":"other-finding","name":"Other","description":"Other.","questions":[{"text":"What is coining in metal forming, and what is coining a word?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the other sense?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe the history and techniques of minting from numismatic and museum sources.","Identify and catalogue coins in collections it is authorized to handle."],"mustNot":["Assist in making counterfeit coins or dies, or in passing them as genuine.","Alter or restrike old coins to deceive collectors.","Help export coins or dies from archaeological finds in breach of heritage law.","Misdescribe the origin, date or grade of a coin offered for sale."],"requiresHuman":["Authenticating a coin for sale or for a museum."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Coin manufacture has occurred under state and private authority, while counterfeit money harms people who rely on its authenticity.","Looted ancient coins strip sites of their history."],"affectedParties":["People who handle money rely on its authenticity.","Collectors and buyers rely on accurate descriptions of coins.","Source countries of ancient coins are affected by looting."]},"owners":{"steward":"The mint operator or responsible issuer, whether public or private in the relevant context; collectors and museums hold individual coins.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q29584645","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q863298","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"coining","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"manufacture of jewellery and related articles","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"coin","type":"related","note":"the product"},{"target":"mint","type":"related","note":"under state authority"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.coining","Wikidata: Q1894248 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1894248)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Coining in this sense involves stamping designs onto metal blanks with dies.","Hammered and mechanically struck coins fall within this sense, while cast coins do not and milling itself is distinct from die impression.","Coining in metal forming is a pressing operation; coining a word is linguistic.","Blanks struck between dies in a press or by hammer; coins with impressed designs."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain methods and history","identify coinage traditions","relay minting standards and law","separate other senses"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Counterfeiting","Debasement","Sense confusion"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Coinage acts defining weight, fineness and legal tender","Anti-counterfeiting laws","Mint quality standards"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Producing coins.","hammered coinage","milled coinage from screw and roller presses","cast coinage as in East Asian traditions","Islamic coinage as a tradition","al marco coinage struck by weight of batch","regional coinages such as those of Schleswig-Holstein","modern mechanised minting"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q1894248: coining","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1894248","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Coining (mint)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coining_%28mint%29","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should hammered and milled coinage be separate entries?","How should numismatic references be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming traditions and a region; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1894248/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1894248/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T23:06:21Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:30+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}