{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.mineral-processing","code":"thing-q1995444","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1995444/","name":"mineral processing","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"research-draft","version":"0.2.0-wave.4","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"","entryKind":"","plane":"","domain":["ACT.PRC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The industrial processes that separate valuable minerals from ore after mining, including comminution by crushing and grinding, sizing, concentration by gravity methods such as jigging, froth flotation, magnetic and electrostatic separation, and dewatering, together known as beneficiation, followed by extractive metallurgy such as copper extraction by smelting or leaching; biomining uses microorganisms to leach metals. Tailings from processing are stored in dams whose failures have caused disasters.","purpose":"Let an agent explain mineral processing, relay unit operations, technologies and environmental and safety issues from mining engineering sources, describe the methods the registry aliases name, and distinguish mineral processing from mining itself, extractive metallurgy, refining and recycling.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Physical separation","Energy intensive","Produces tailings","Precedes metallurgy"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What mineral processing is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is mineral processing, and how does it differ from mining, extractive metallurgy, refining and recycling?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about technology, a specific mineral, the environment or safety?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"methods","name":"Methods","description":"Named methods.","findings":[{"id":"methods-finding","name":"Methods","description":"Methods.","questions":[{"text":"What are beneficiation, jigging, copper extraction and biomining?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific method?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"operations","name":"Operations","description":"Unit operations.","layers":[{"id":"comminution","name":"Comminution","description":"Crushing and grinding.","findings":[{"id":"comminution-finding","name":"Comminution","description":"Comminution.","questions":[{"text":"How do crushers and mills liberate minerals?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"separation","name":"Separation","description":"Separation.","findings":[{"id":"separation-finding","name":"Separation","description":"Separation.","questions":[{"text":"How do flotation, gravity and magnetic separation work?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"environment","name":"Environment","description":"Environment and safety.","layers":[{"id":"tailings","name":"Tailings","description":"Tailings.","findings":[{"id":"tailings-finding","name":"Tailings","description":"Tailings.","questions":[{"text":"How are tailings stored, and what did the Brumadinho and Mariana failures show?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"water","name":"Water","description":"Water and chemicals.","findings":[{"id":"water-finding","name":"Water","description":"Water.","questions":[{"text":"How are water use and reagents such as cyanide regulated?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits acid mine drainage?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"Innovation and history.","layers":[{"id":"biomining","name":"Biomining","description":"Biomining.","findings":[{"id":"biomining-finding","name":"Biomining","description":"Biomining.","questions":[{"text":"How do microbes leach copper and gold?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits bioleaching?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did Agricola s De re metallica describe early ore processing?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits De re metallica?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["explain unit operations","relay technologies","describe named methods","relay environmental and safety issues"],"mustNot":[],"requiresHuman":[]},"ethics":{"considerations":[],"affectedParties":[]},"owners":{"steward":"","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"industrial process","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"mining industry","type":"related"},{"target":"froth flotation","type":"related"},{"target":"tailings","type":"related"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":[]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["froth flotation introduced industrially: early 20th century note","comminution energy share: a major share of mine site energy use note - often cited","Brumadinho tailings dam failure: 2019 year - Brazil"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Separation of minerals from ore","Beneficiation, jigging, copper extraction, biomining","Mining extracts ore; extractive metallurgy recovers metals; refining purifies them; recycling recovers from scrap","Plants with crushers, mills, flotation cells, thickeners and tailings ponds."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain unit operations","relay technologies","describe named methods","relay environmental and safety issues"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Tailings dam failures","Water pollution and acid drainage","Dust and chemical exposure for workers"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management 2020","Environmental permits and water discharge rules","Mine safety regulations"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Concentrating valuable minerals from ore.","comminution","classification and sizing","gravity concentration including jigging","froth flotation","magnetic separation","hydrometallurgy and biomining"]}},"sources":[],"openQuestions":["Should copper extraction be moved to extractive metallurgy?","How should mining engineering sources be linked?","Should biomining be a separate entry?","Which entry fits the specific method?","Which entry fits Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management?","Which entry fits acid mine drainage?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q1995444/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q1995444/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T20:00:38Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"derived","ethics":"missing","owners":"missing","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"missing","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"missing"},"notes":{"agentConduct":"Affordances listed as what may be done; prohibitions collected from the text.","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.","sources":"Written from model knowledge without web access; claims are unverified."},"score":0.719}}