{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.electron","code":"thing-q2225","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2225/","name":"electron","alternateNames":["valence electron","Auger electron","Compton electron","conversion electron","conduction electron","photoelectron","balance of electrons","secondary electron","Runaway electrons","Back-scattered electron","core electron","unpaired electron"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.5","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A stable subatomic particle with a negative elementary charge, a lepton of spin 1/2 found in all atoms around the nucleus; it carries electric current in metals and determines chemical bonding.","purpose":"Let an agent give recommended values for the electron's constants, separating exact values from measured ones with uncertainties, explain its role in atoms, chemistry and electricity, and point to authoritative data.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["A first-generation charged lepton, not made of smaller known particles.","Its antiparticle is the positron, with positive charge.","Much lighter than the proton, about 1/1836 of its mass."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"What the electron is.","layers":[{"id":"constants","name":"Constants","description":"Charge, mass, spin, magnetic moment.","findings":[{"id":"constant","name":"Constant","description":"Value, uncertainty, source.","questions":[{"text":"What is the value and uncertainty?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which CODATA release is used?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"classification","name":"Classification","description":"Lepton family.","findings":[{"id":"particle-class","name":"Particle class","description":"Lepton generation and antiparticle.","questions":[{"text":"Where does it sit in the Standard Model?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What is its antiparticle?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"in-atoms","name":"In atoms","description":"Electrons in matter.","layers":[{"id":"shells-and-orbitals","name":"Shells and orbitals","description":"Electron configuration.","findings":[{"id":"configuration","name":"Configuration","description":"Configuration of an element.","questions":[{"text":"What is the electron configuration?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which electrons are valence electrons?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"bonding","name":"Bonding","description":"Chemical bonds.","findings":[{"id":"bond","name":"Bond","description":"Role in bonding.","questions":[{"text":"How do electrons form this bond?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What determines electronegativity?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"in-technology","name":"In technology","description":"Uses of electrons.","layers":[{"id":"current","name":"Current","description":"Conduction.","findings":[{"id":"conduction","name":"Conduction","description":"Carriers in materials.","questions":[{"text":"Are electrons the charge carriers here?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What is their mobility?","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"beams","name":"Beams","description":"Microscopy and accelerators.","findings":[{"id":"electron-beam","name":"Electron beam","description":"Energy and use.","questions":[{"text":"What beam energy is used?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"For which application?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"history-and-measurement","name":"History and measurement","description":"Discovery and measurement.","layers":[{"id":"discovery","name":"Discovery","description":"1897 and after.","findings":[{"id":"discovery","name":"Discovery","description":"Experiment and date.","questions":[{"text":"How was the electron discovered?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How was its charge measured?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"precision-measurement","name":"Precision measurement","description":"Modern measurements.","findings":[{"id":"measurement","name":"Measurement","description":"Method and result.","questions":[{"text":"Which experiment gives the best value?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How precise is it?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["give constants with sources","explain physics"],"mustNot":["give values without stating the source and uncertainty","advise working with radiation sources without qualified supervision"],"requiresHuman":[]},"ethics":{"considerations":["accuracy of scientific communication"],"affectedParties":["students and researchers"]},"owners":{"steward":"nobody; a natural particle","roles":[],"masterSystems":["CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants recommended values, disseminated by NIST","Particle Data Group"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q43116","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q94535579","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"lepton","type":"related","note":"elementary particle"},{"target":"atom","type":"related","note":"electron shells"},{"target":"positron","type":"related","note":"antiparticle"},{"target":"electric current","type":"related","note":"in conductors"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.electron","Wikidata: Q2225 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225)","PDG particle code: 11 Monte Carlo particle numbering scheme"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["electric charge: -1.602176634e-19 C - exact since the 2019 SI revision","rest mass: 9.1093837139(28)e-31 kg - CODATA 2022, standard uncertainty 2.8e-40 kg; about 0.511 MeV/c2","spin: 1/2 - a fermion"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Not visible; detected by tracks in detectors and by electric current"]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["give charge, mass and spin from CODATA","explain the electron's role in atoms and bonding","distinguish electrons in different contexts (valence, conduction, photoelectrons)","point to particle data sources"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Electron beams and beta radiation can cause radiation exposure","Electric shock from currents"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants (NIST)","SI Brochure, 9th edition (BIPM), fixing the elementary charge"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["In nature, building atoms and chemical bonds; in technology, carrying electric current and forming beams in microscopes and accelerators.","valence electron (role)","conduction electron (state)","photoelectron (emission mechanism)","Auger electron (emission mechanism)","beta particle (electron from beta decay)"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Q2225","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","note":"identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks"},{"title":"Electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron","note":"general description of the subject"},{"title":"CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2022","url":"https://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/wall_2022.pdf","note":"Electron mass and uncertainty, rest energy, charge and electron-proton mass ratio."},{"title":"The International System of Units","url":"https://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units/","note":"Exact elementary charge and the SI revision effective 20 May 2019."},{"title":"Monte Carlo Particle Numbering Scheme","url":"https://pdg.lbl.gov/2025/reviews/rpp2025-rev-monte-carlo-numbering.pdf","note":"Electron particle code 11 and the numbering scheme."},{"title":"Electron","url":"https://opendata.cern.ch/glossary/Electron","note":"Stable elementary particle, first-generation lepton, negative charge and positron antiparticle."},{"title":"CODATA values of the fundamental physical constants","url":"https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/codata-values-fundamental-physical-constants","note":"CODATA's responsibility for recommended values and their determination from combined experimental and theoretical information."},{"title":"Our History","url":"https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/about/our-history/","note":"Thomson's discovery of the electron in 1897."}],"openQuestions":["The registry merges electrons in specific roles; these are the same particle in different roles or states, not separate species."],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q2225/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q2225/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-10-21T20:11:56Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-21T20:13:09+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 6 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}