{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.concrete","code":"thing-q22657","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q22657/","name":"concrete","alternateNames":["saruj","colored cement","grout","fiber-reinforced concrete","Textile-reinforced materials","self-healing concrete","steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete","engineered cementitious composite","ready-mix concrete","concretene","heat resistant concrete","Bamboo Reinforced Concrete"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A composite construction material made of aggregate such as sand and gravel bound by a binder, most commonly cement paste that hardens through hydration in Portland cement concrete, used for foundations, structures, pavements and dams, often reinforced with steel, fibres or textiles, and available in forms such as coloured concrete, fibre-reinforced concrete, textile-reinforced concrete and self-healing concrete. Coloured cement is a binder rather than a form of concrete, and mortar, grout and historical mortars such as saruj are distinct materials. Concrete is the most used manufactured material in the world and a major source of carbon dioxide emissions.","purpose":"Let an agent explain concrete and its composition, relay types, properties and standards from engineering sources, describe production and environmental impact, and distinguish concrete from cement, mortar and grout.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Hydration hardening","High compressive strength","Reinforcement","Carbon footprint"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What concrete is.","layers":[{"id":"composition","name":"Composition","description":"Composition and setting.","findings":[{"id":"composition-finding","name":"Composition","description":"Composition.","questions":[{"text":"What is concrete made of, and how does cement hydration harden it?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about concrete, cement, mortar or grout?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"types","name":"Types","description":"Types.","findings":[{"id":"types-finding","name":"Types","description":"Types.","questions":[{"text":"What types exist, from reinforced and prestressed to fibre-reinforced, textile-reinforced and self-healing concrete?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific type?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"engineer","name":"Engineer","description":"Design and standards.","layers":[{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","findings":[{"id":"properties-finding","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","questions":[{"text":"What are the strength, durability and workability properties of concrete, and how are they tested?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"codes","name":"Codes","description":"Design codes.","findings":[{"id":"codes-finding","name":"Codes","description":"Codes.","questions":[{"text":"What standards and codes govern concrete mixes and structural design?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific code?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"build","name":"Build","description":"Production and use.","layers":[{"id":"production","name":"Production","description":"Mixing and placing.","findings":[{"id":"production-finding","name":"Production","description":"Production.","questions":[{"text":"How is concrete batched, placed, cured and finished?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"problems","name":"Problems","description":"Deterioration.","findings":[{"id":"problems-finding","name":"Problems","description":"Problems.","questions":[{"text":"What causes cracking, corrosion and other deterioration, and how are structures repaired?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits concrete degradation?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History and environment.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did concrete develop from Roman and Persian mortars such as saruj to Portland cement and reinforced concrete?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Roman concrete?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"environment","name":"Environment","description":"Environment.","findings":[{"id":"environment-finding","name":"Environment","description":"Environment.","questions":[{"text":"What is the carbon footprint of concrete, and what low-carbon alternatives exist, with attribution?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits low-carbon cement?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Report a concrete mix's specified strength, class and test results from documented records.","Explain how concrete is made, cures and is reinforced, from engineering sources.","Flag visible cracking, spalling or exposed reinforcement for structural inspection."],"mustNot":["Approve or certify a structural concrete design or pour without a qualified engineer.","Recommend loading or striking formwork from fresh concrete before it has reached specified strength.","Handle wet concrete or advise handling it without protection against its caustic burns.","Discharge washout water or slurry into drains or watercourses."],"requiresHuman":["Any structural decision about a concrete element, including repair of a cracked member.","Signing off a pour, a mix design or a strength test result."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Structural failure of concrete kills people, often long after the work was done badly.","Cement production is a large source of carbon emissions, and concrete dust and burns harm workers."],"affectedParties":["Building occupants and the public","Construction workers","Communities near plants and quarries"]},"owners":{"steward":"The structure's owner; the designing engineer and contractor answer for the work under building control.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Building control and structural approval records"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q181790","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q34669510","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q4773880","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"composite material","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"anthropic rock","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"malleable material","type":"related","note":"in registry terms, when fresh"},{"target":"cement","type":"related","note":"through hydration"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.concrete","Wikidata: Q22657 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22657)","HS: 3824.50 non-refractory mortars and concretes"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["world production: about 30 billion tonnes - per year, estimates","typical compressive strength: 20-40 MPa - structural, higher for high-strength","cement share of global CO2: about 8 percent - estimates"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Cement concrete contains aggregate bound by hardened cement paste.","Forms include reinforced, fibre-reinforced, textile-reinforced, self-healing and coloured concrete.","Cement is a binder, mortar generally lacks coarse aggregate, grout is a distinct filling material, saruj is a historical mortar, and asphalt concrete uses bitumen.","A grey stone-like material, poured as a slurry and hardened in place or precast."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain composition and setting","relay types and standards","describe production and impact","distinguish from cement and mortar"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Cracking, corrosion of reinforcement and alkali-silica reaction","Structural failure from poor mix or curing","Skin burns from wet concrete","High carbon emissions"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["EN 206 and ASTM C94 concrete specifications","Eurocode 2 and ACI 318 design codes","Cement standards such as EN 197 and ASTM C150","Emissions and sustainability standards"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Building structures and infrastructure.","plain and reinforced concrete","prestressed concrete","fibre-reinforced and textile-reinforced concrete","self-healing concrete","coloured and architectural concrete","grout and mortar as related materials","historical concretes such as Roman concrete and saruj","low-carbon and geopolymer concretes"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q22657: concrete","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22657","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should reinforced concrete and cement be the primary linked entries?","How should design codes be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming grout and historical mortars; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q22657/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q22657/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T02:51:47Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:28+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}