{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.benzene","code":"thing-q2270","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2270/","name":"benzene","alternateNames":["Benzene-13C","(¹³C₆)Benzene","Benzene-14C"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A planar C6H6 arene whose six equivalent carbons each contribute one 2p electron to a fully delocalized π sextet; it is the parent aromatic hydrocarbon, recovered from petroleum reforming and coal carbonization and handled as a restricted industrial intermediate rather than a general-purpose solvent.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise benzene, assess the identity and condition of a particular quantity, and determine which handling, use or disposition actions are supported by evidence.","scope":{"in":["Benzene identity and evidence distinguishing it from similarly named substances and other hydrocarbons","Purity, impurities and confidence that a particular quantity qualifies as benzene","Physical state and measured properties under recorded conditions","Containment, vapour release and contamination status of a benzene quantity","Evidence supporting or restricting use, transfer, storage and disposition"],"out":["Complete composition and performance models for gasoline, petroleum benzine and other benzene-containing mixtures","Separate chemical models for toluene, cyclohexane and substituted benzene compounds","Plant design and operating models for benzene production or consumption","Clinical diagnosis and treatment of exposed people","Facility-wide ventilation, fire protection and environmental remediation systems"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Require evidence of the unsubstituted six-carbon aromatic ring with molecular formula C6H6; the formula alone does not establish benzene identity.","Distinguish benzene from petroleum benzine by checking the chemical identity and composition record rather than treating similar names as synonyms.","Distinguish benzene from toluene and other substituted aromatics using analytical evidence capable of resolving those compounds.","Distinguish benzene from cyclohexane using molecular or analytical identity evidence; a six-membered carbon ring alone is insufficient.","Distinguish a quantity represented as benzene from a mixture containing benzene by recording its composition, reporting basis and applicable material specification."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"benzene-identity-and-material-boundary","name":"Benzene identity and material boundary","description":"Establishes whether the represented material is benzene and where this model's ownership ends.","layers":[{"id":"molecular-and-naming-identity","name":"Molecular and naming identity","description":"Connects the benzene name to a supported chemical identity.","findings":[{"id":"identity-evidence-and-conflicts","name":"Identity evidence and conflicts","description":"Records what supports the unsubstituted aromatic C6H6 identity and whether labels, documents or analyses disagree.","questions":[{"text":"What structural identity distinguishes this material from cyclohexane, substituted aromatics and other substances sharing a formula or similar name?","id":"identity-evidence-and-conflicts-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which label, supplier record or analytical result supports benzene identity, and are any of those records in conflict?","id":"identity-evidence-and-conflicts-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"substance-versus-mixture","name":"Substance versus mixture","description":"Determines whether the quantity is represented as benzene or belongs to a neighbouring mixture model.","findings":[{"id":"benzene-content-and-representation","name":"Benzene content and representation","description":"Records the composition evidence and classification basis without inventing a universal purity threshold.","questions":[{"text":"What benzene content was measured or declared, on what basis and with what uncertainty?","id":"benzene-content-and-representation-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Under the applicable material specification, is this quantity benzene with impurities or a mixture that should link to benzene as a constituent?","id":"benzene-content-and-representation-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"benzene-grade-and-condition","name":"Benzene grade and condition","description":"Describes composition and physical condition relevant to the actual quantity and intended use.","layers":[{"id":"purity-and-contamination","name":"Purity and contamination","description":"Assesses declared grade against measured impurities and the quantity's history.","findings":[{"id":"grade-support-and-impurity-gaps","name":"Grade support and impurity gaps","description":"Captures evidence for the claimed grade, including water, other hydrocarbons and contaminants relevant to the intended use.","questions":[{"text":"Which impurities were measured, with what concentrations and detection limits, and which relevant impurities were not assessed?","id":"grade-support-and-impurity-gaps-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does the certificate or sample represent this quantity after its latest transfer, opening or potential contamination event?","id":"grade-support-and-impurity-gaps-q02","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does the available composition evidence support the intended-use specification, or is further analysis required?","id":"grade-support-and-impurity-gaps-q03","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"phase-and-thermal-condition","name":"Phase and thermal condition","description":"Records observed phase and the conditions needed to interpret it.","findings":[{"id":"observed-phase-and-property-consistency","name":"Observed phase and property consistency","description":"Assesses whether phase and measured physical properties are consistent with the claimed benzene composition under recorded conditions.","questions":[{"text":"What phase or phases are present at the measured material temperature and pressure?","id":"observed-phase-and-property-consistency-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Are observed phase behaviour or physical properties inconsistent with the claimed composition, and what uncertainty prevents interpreting the discrepancy?","id":"observed-phase-and-property-consistency-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"benzene-containment-and-release","name":"Benzene containment and release","description":"Connects the benzene quantity to its containment and evidence of movement into surrounding air or other media.","layers":[{"id":"vessel-and-transfer-interface","name":"Vessel and transfer interface","description":"Records the containment interfaces relevant to a proposed benzene operation.","findings":[{"id":"containment-fitness-for-benzene","name":"Containment fitness for benzene","description":"Links vessel, closure, seal and transfer-path evidence to the conditions of the proposed operation.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence establishes compatibility of benzene with the wetted materials and closures at the proposed temperature and duration?","id":"containment-fitness-for-benzene-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Do the documented containment and transfer controls support the proposed operation, or does an unresolved condition require holding it?","id":"containment-fitness-for-benzene-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"vapour-and-material-loss","name":"Vapour and material loss","description":"Tracks evidence of benzene outside its intended containment without assuming the source of every detection.","findings":[{"id":"release-evidence-and-source-attribution","name":"Release evidence and source attribution","description":"Records leaks, inventory discrepancies and environmental detections with their uncertainty and attribution.","questions":[{"text":"What direct observations, inventory changes or benzene measurements indicate a release, and when and where were they obtained?","id":"release-evidence-and-source-attribution-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What evidence links the detected benzene to this quantity rather than another source, and where does the environmental or incident model take ownership?","id":"release-evidence-and-source-attribution-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"benzene-action-constraints-and-disposition","name":"Benzene action constraints and disposition","description":"Determines which proposed actions are supported by the applicable hazard, exposure and material-quality evidence.","layers":[{"id":"hazard-and-exposure-decision-basis","name":"Hazard and exposure decision basis","description":"Connects benzene-specific hazards to the controls and measurements governing the proposed activity.","findings":[{"id":"applicable-controls-and-evidence","name":"Applicable controls and evidence","description":"Records the authoritative basis for health, ignition and exposure constraints while keeping personal medical assessment outside this model.","questions":[{"text":"Which current safety data and applicable requirements establish the controls for benzene's carcinogenicity, other health hazards and flammability in this activity?","id":"applicable-controls-and-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What task-relevant exposure measurements are available, including sampling location, duration, units and method limitations?","id":"applicable-controls-and-evidence-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does the documented control assessment support this proposed activity, and which missing evidence or failed condition requires escalation?","id":"applicable-controls-and-evidence-q03","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"use-acceptance-and-disposition","name":"Use acceptance and disposition","description":"Assigns a supported next step to the actual benzene quantity.","findings":[{"id":"supported-next-action","name":"Supported next action","description":"Connects identity confidence, grade, contamination and control status to an accountable disposition.","questions":[{"text":"Do identity, composition and condition evidence satisfy the named requirements for the intended use?","id":"supported-next-action-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Should this quantity be accepted, held for analysis, quarantined, returned or routed to waste management, and what evidence and authority support that decision?","id":"supported-next-action-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which change in composition, containment, intended use or governing requirements would require the decision to be reviewed?","id":"supported-next-action-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of benzene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of benzene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of benzene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of benzene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of benzene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of benzene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of benzene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of benzene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe benzene, its properties and uses, citing chemistry and health sources.","Report measured benzene levels from monitoring it is authorized to run."],"mustNot":["Recommend benzene as a household solvent or for any unprotected use.","Hide or understate benzene exposure in workplaces or communities.","Release benzene to air, water or soil, or store it outside approved containers.","Assist in using it to harm people."],"requiresHuman":["Responding to a benzene spill or leak.","Deciding whether a site is safe for workers or residents after contamination."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Benzene causes cancer, and workers and nearby communities have a right to know about exposure.","Polluted sites often sit near poorer communities."],"affectedParties":["Chemical and fuel workers","Nearby residents","Children"]},"owners":{"steward":"The operator of the plant or holder of the stock; chemical and environmental regulators control it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Chemical substance registers kept by regulators"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q119769403","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q230731","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q57842052","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.benzene","Wikidata: Q2270 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2270)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Chemical identity: Benzene; molecular formula C6H6; structural identity and referenced identifiers","Identity evidence status: Label-only | document-supported | analytically supported | conflicting | unknown","Benzene content: Mass fraction, mole fraction or another explicitly stated basis, with method and uncertainty","Impurity profile: Named impurities and concentrations, with units, detection limits and sampling date","Physical phase: Solid | liquid | vapour | multiple phases | unknown, at recorded temperature and pressure","Material temperature: °C or K, with measurement location and time","Containment pressure: kPa, explicitly absolute or gauge, with measurement location and time","Quantity: kg or mol; volume permitted with temperature and conversion basis","Containment and release status: Closed and verified | opened under controls | suspected leak | confirmed release | unknown","Associated airborne benzene measurement: Link to an air sample or monitor record including concentration, units, location, time and averaging period","Intended-use specification: Referenced specification and version, with acceptance status","Applicable hazard and control basis: Referenced safety data, local assessment and applicable requirements with dates and jurisdiction"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A clear, colourless liquid with a sweet smell.","Labelled with flammable and health hazard symbols."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Reconcile labels, supplier documents and analytical results to establish or challenge benzene identity.","Assess a benzene quantity against a named purity or intended-use specification.","Request further sampling or analysis when identity, contamination or composition evidence is insufficient.","Evaluate a proposed transfer, storage or use against documented containment, compatibility and exposure controls.","Flag a suspected release or exposure concern and route it to the applicable response procedure.","Assign an evidence-supported disposition such as accepted use, quarantine, return or waste management."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Highly flammable, and vapours can ignite far from the source.","Long-term exposure causes leukaemia and other blood disorders."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["IARC Monographs, International Agency for Research on Cancer, which classify benzene as carcinogenic to humans.","Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, United Nations."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Benzene is encountered in petroleum refining, petrochemical manufacturing and controlled laboratory work.","It serves as an industrial feedstock for chemicals used to make plastics, resins and synthetic fibres.","It is also monitored as a contaminant in fuels, workplace air and polluted environmental samples."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Benzene, Compound Summary for CID 241","url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzene","note":"Molecular identity (C6H6), CAS 71-43-2, PubChem CID 241, InChI/InChIKey/SMILES, EC 200-753-7, UN 1114, UNII, ICSC, DSSTox and related registry numbers, and the description as a clear, highly flammable aromatic liquid found in crude oil and refining streams."},{"title":"CHEBI:16716 - benzene","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:16716","note":"Specialist definition as a six-carbon aromatic annulene with a delocalized π system; ChEBI, KEGG and HMDB identifiers; average mass; and the industrial-solvent / carcinogen framing."},{"title":"29 CFR 1910.1028 - Benzene","url":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1028","note":"US occupational scope (CAS 71-43-2), 8-hour PEL of 1 ppm and 15-minute STEL of 5 ppm, regulated-area definition, and the gasoline-dispensing exception."},{"title":"29 CFR 1910.1028 Appendix B - Substance Technical Guidelines, Benzene","url":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1028AppB","note":"Synonyms, Class IB flammable-liquid classification, 3,250 ppm fire/explosion threshold, Class I Group D electrical classification, and high-exposure transfer operations."},{"title":"Benzene and Cancer Risk","url":"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/chemicals/benzene.html","note":"IARC Group 1 (AML) and NTP known-human-carcinogen classifications; EPA gasoline benzene cap (0.62% vol annual average, 1.3% max); drinking-water and bottled-water limits of 5 ppb."},{"title":"Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB): 35 - Benzene","url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/35","note":"Downstream use split (ethylbenzene/styrene, cumene/phenol, cyclohexane, nitrobenzene/aniline, detergent alkylate); industrial vs nitration vs thiophene-free grades; and historic benzol-90 composition."},{"title":"ASTM D2359-24 Standard Specification for Refined Benzene-535","url":"https://store.accuristech.com/standards/astm-d2359-24?product_id=2921314","note":"The named commercial grade refined benzene-535 and the existence of an ASTM purchase specification for high-purity benzene."},{"title":"Benzene - Thermophysical Properties","url":"https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/benzene-benzol-properties-d_2053.html","note":"Melting and boiling points, liquid density, flash and autoignition temperatures, water solubility, vapor density relative to air, log Kow, and critical constants."},{"title":"Wikidata item Q2270: benzene","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2270","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Benzene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does an existing Vercy world model already own benzene or provide a chemical-substance model that this registry entry must reference?","Which authoritative identity references and analytical methods should establish benzene identity for the intended applications, and what are their limitations?","Which grade specifications and impurity limits govern the intended uses, including the boundary between benzene with impurities and a benzene-containing mixture?","Which validated property and compatibility references cover the temperatures, pressures and containment materials expected in deployment?","Which jurisdictions and operational contexts must be supported for exposure, storage, transport and waste decisions, and how will those requirements be kept current?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q2270/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q2270/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T13:54:22Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:28+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 9 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}