{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.proton","code":"thing-q2294","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2294/","name":"proton","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.4","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Cross-cutting context","entryKind":"thing","plane":"XCT","domain":["XCT.STA"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A stable subatomic particle with a positive elementary charge and a mass of about 1.673 x 10^-27 kilograms, composed of two up quarks and one down quark bound by the strong force, found in every atomic nucleus, where the number of protons defines the chemical element; the hydrogen-1 nucleus is a single proton, and questions such as the proton radius puzzle and whether protons decay are active research topics.","purpose":"Let an agent explain the proton, relay its properties, structure and discovery from physics sources, describe research topics with attribution, and distinguish the proton from the neutron, electron, hydron and positron.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Positive charge","Three quarks","Stable","Defines atomic number"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What a proton is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is a proton, and how does it differ from the neutron, electron, positron and hydron?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about properties, structure, chemistry or research?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","findings":[{"id":"properties-finding","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","questions":[{"text":"What are the proton s mass, charge, spin and radius?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific property?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"physics","name":"Physics","description":"Structure.","layers":[{"id":"quarks","name":"Quarks","description":"Quarks and gluons.","findings":[{"id":"quarks-finding","name":"Quarks","description":"Quarks.","questions":[{"text":"How do quarks and gluons make up the proton and its mass?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"research","name":"Research","description":"Open questions.","findings":[{"id":"research-finding","name":"Research","description":"Research.","questions":[{"text":"What are the proton radius puzzle, spin crisis and proton decay searches, with findings attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"applications","name":"Applications","description":"Applications.","layers":[{"id":"chemistry","name":"Chemistry","description":"Chemistry.","findings":[{"id":"chemistry-finding","name":"Chemistry","description":"Chemistry.","questions":[{"text":"How do protons define elements and acids?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits atomic number?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"therapy","name":"Therapy","description":"Proton therapy.","findings":[{"id":"therapy-finding","name":"Therapy","description":"Therapy.","questions":[{"text":"How are proton beams used in cancer therapy, in general terms?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits proton therapy?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did Rutherford identify the proton?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Ernest Rutherford?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"cosmos","name":"Cosmos","description":"Cosmology.","findings":[{"id":"cosmos-finding","name":"Cosmos","description":"Cosmos.","questions":[{"text":"When did protons form in the early universe?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Big Bang nucleosynthesis?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the proton's charge, mass, quark structure and discovery from physics sources.","Report the state of research on the proton radius with sources."],"mustNot":["Confuse protons with hydrogen ions or hydrons without explanation.","Overstate unresolved research questions or present speculation as fact.","Advise on proton beam therapy for a person's case."],"requiresHuman":["Decisions on proton therapy or proton beam exposure, which belong to clinicians and physicists."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Accurate physics teaching underpins public trust in science.","Proton therapy is used on patients, so claims about it affect care choices."],"affectedParties":["Students","Patients considering therapy","Researchers"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the particle; it belongs to physics as shared knowledge.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q102165","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q506710","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"nucleon","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"quark","type":"related","note":"two up and one down"},{"target":"neutron","type":"related"},{"target":"Ernest Rutherford","type":"related","note":"around 1917-1920"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.proton","Wikidata: Q2294 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["mass: about 938.27 MeV/c2","charge: +1 elementary charge","charge radius: about 0.84 fm - after muonic hydrogen measurements","lifetime lower bound: over 10^34 year - no decay observed"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["A proton is a positively charged nucleon.","A hydrogen-1 nucleus is a single proton, whereas deuterium and tritium nuclei also contain neutrons.","Neutrons are neutral nucleons; electrons are negative leptons; positrons are antielectrons; hydron is the general hydrogen cation.","Not a visible object; a particle."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain properties and structure","relay discovery","describe research topics","distinguish related particles"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing proton, hydron and hydrogen ion terms","Presenting the radius puzzle as fully unresolved or resolved without attribution","Oversimplifying quark structure"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["CODATA recommended values"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Not applicable; a subatomic particle.","free protons","protons in nuclei","antiprotons","protons in cosmic rays","proton beams in accelerators and therapy"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q2294: proton","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should proton decay be a separate entry?","How should physics sources be linked?","How should the proton radius puzzle be presented?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q2294/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q2294/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T19:22:08Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:28+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}