{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.limestone","code":"thing-q23757","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q23757/","name":"limestone","alternateNames":["lithograph stone","Portland limestone","Istrian stone","Coral stones","clunch","bluestone","lithographic limestone","Botticino marble","Liesberg limestone","Gerschen marble","Lopper limestone","Saltrio limestone"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate, formed from marine organisms, shells and chemical precipitation, including varieties such as chalk, oolite, coral stone and named building stones like Portland and Istrian stone; limestone is used for construction, cement, lime and agriculture, forms karst landscapes and holds fossils and groundwater.","purpose":"Let an agent explain limestone by type and formation, support building and heritage uses, describe karst and groundwater, and address safety and environmental aspects of quarrying and use.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Calcium carbonate","Sedimentary","Fossil-bearing","Soluble, forming karst"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"identify","name":"Identify","description":"Which limestone.","layers":[{"id":"type","name":"Type","description":"Limestone type.","findings":[{"id":"type-finding","name":"Type","description":"Type.","questions":[{"text":"What type of limestone is this, based on texture, fossils and origin?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How can it be distinguished from dolomite or marble?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"formation","name":"Formation","description":"How it formed.","findings":[{"id":"formation-finding","name":"Formation","description":"Formation.","questions":[{"text":"How and when did this limestone form, according to geological surveys?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which fossils does it contain?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"uses","name":"Uses","description":"Applications.","layers":[{"id":"building","name":"Building","description":"Building stone.","findings":[{"id":"building-finding","name":"Building","description":"Building stone.","questions":[{"text":"How is this named limestone used in building, and where is it quarried?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which standards and matching rules apply for repairs?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"industry","name":"Industry","description":"Cement, lime and agriculture.","findings":[{"id":"industry-finding","name":"Industry","description":"Industry.","questions":[{"text":"How is limestone used for cement, lime, steel and soil treatment?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What are the carbon emissions of lime and cement, according to industry data?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"landscape","name":"Landscape","description":"Karst.","layers":[{"id":"karst","name":"Karst","description":"Karst features.","findings":[{"id":"karst-finding","name":"Karst","description":"Karst.","questions":[{"text":"How do caves, sinkholes and pavements form in limestone?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Where are karst landscapes here?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"water","name":"Water","description":"Groundwater.","findings":[{"id":"water-finding","name":"Water","description":"Groundwater.","questions":[{"text":"How do limestone aquifers store and transmit water, and how vulnerable are they to pollution?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sinkhole risks apply?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"conserve","name":"Conserve","description":"Weathering and care.","layers":[{"id":"weathering","name":"Weathering","description":"Decay.","findings":[{"id":"weathering-finding","name":"Weathering","description":"Weathering.","questions":[{"text":"How does limestone weather, and how can historic stonework be conserved?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which cleaning methods are safe?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"safety","name":"Safety","description":"Quarry and dust.","findings":[{"id":"safety-finding","name":"Safety","description":"Safety.","questions":[{"text":"Which hazards apply to quarrying and cutting limestone?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How is dust controlled?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify and describe limestone from geological sources and visible features.","Report quarry, cave and karst information from geological surveys."],"mustNot":["Quarry, collect or remove limestone from protected sites, caves or reserves without permission.","Damage cave formations or disturb bats and other cave wildlife.","Recommend cutting or crushing stone without stating the dust hazard.","Present limestone ground as stable for building without a survey of karst and sinkholes."],"requiresHuman":["Approving quarrying, blasting or building on karst ground."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Limestone karst holds aquifers that supply drinking water and is easily polluted.","Caves are fragile heritage and habitats."],"affectedParties":["Communities drinking karst groundwater","Cave wildlife","Quarry workers and neighbours"]},"owners":{"steward":"The landowner; mineral rights holders and planning authorities control quarrying.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Land registry or cadastre","Geological survey maps"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q141313672","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q141313796","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"carbonate sedimentary rock","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"metamorphic rock","type":"related","note":"marble"},{"target":"shore","type":"related","note":"limestone coasts"},{"target":"World Heritage Site","type":"related","note":"historic buildings"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.limestone","Wikidata: Q23757 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23757)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Dry bulk density:  kg/m3 - Measure dry specimen mass per bulk volume because pore space and limestone variety substantially affect density.","Open porosity:  % - Measure the proportion of bulk volume occupied by connected pores using a documented saturation method.","Uniaxial compressive strength:  MPa - Measure failure stress under axial compression with specimen dimensions, moisture condition and bedding orientation recorded.","Water absorption by mass:  % - Measure water uptake relative to dry mass under specified immersion or saturation conditions."]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Reacts with dilute acid","Fossils and shell fragments","Marble is metamorphosed limestone","Grey, cream or white rock, often with fossils, fizzing with acid."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify limestone types","explain formation and karst","describe uses in building and industry","address weathering and conservation"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Acid rain and weathering damage","Sinkholes in karst","Dust and quarry hazards"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Building stone standards such as EN 12440","Quarrying and planning regulations","Heritage conservation rules"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Construction, industry, agriculture and landscape.","chalk and fine-grained limestones","oolitic and shelly limestones","coral and reef limestones","named building limestones such as Portland stone","lithographic limestone"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q23757: limestone","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23757","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should named stones be separate entries?","How should geological maps be linked?","How should conservation guidance be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q23757/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q23757/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T19:32:26Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}