{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.ludwigite","code":"thing-q2424234","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2424234/","name":"ludwigite","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Ludwigite is an orthorhombic magnesium-iron borate mineral with ideal formula Mg₂Fe³⁺(BO₃)O₂, typically occurring in boron-bearing skarns and metamorphosed magnesium-rich carbonate rocks.","purpose":"Enable an agent to identify ludwigite, assess the composition and condition of ludwigite-bearing material, and select justified analytical, handling or use decisions.","scope":{"in":["Mineral-species identity and distinction from the wider ludwigite group","Measured composition, iron oxidation states and substitutions","Crystal structure and diagnostic mineral properties","Ludwigite abundance, intergrowths and alteration in specimens","Geological provenance and evidence supporting identification","Suitability of specimens for analysis, preservation or material evaluation"],"out":["The entire ludwigite group and separate models of its other species","Whole skarn deposits, host rocks and ore-resource estimates","Mining, beneficiation and boron-extraction processes","Products manufactured from ludwigite-bearing feedstock","General borate toxicology and jurisdiction-wide chemical regulation"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Test whether grain chemistry supports the ideal composition Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3), while measuring departures from that endmember. Reference: [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/ludwigite.pdf).","Combine Mg and ferrous-iron measurements with applicable species criteria to distinguish ludwigite from vonsenite; the two form a compositional series. Reference: [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/ludwigite.pdf).","Check diffraction against an orthorhombic Pbam reference and use grain chemistry to discriminate structurally similar species. Reference: [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/ludwigite.pdf).","Use black to olive-black colour, fibrous aggregates and Mohs hardness around 5-5.5 as supporting observations requiring analytical confirmation. Reference: [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/ludwigite.pdf)."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"species-and-series-boundaries","name":"Species and series boundaries","description":"Establish what evidence permits the name ludwigite for the material under examination.","layers":[{"id":"species-reference","name":"Species reference","description":"Anchor the registry entry to the mineral species and its diagnostic references.","findings":[{"id":"ludwigite-name-assignment","name":"Ludwigite name assignment","description":"Record the authority and analytical evidence behind the species assignment.","questions":[{"text":"Does the identification denote ludwigite itself, a ludwigite-group phase or an unresolved ludwigite-vonsenite composition?","id":"ludwigite-name-assignment-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which mineral reference and specimen analyses support the assigned name?","id":"ludwigite-name-assignment-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"neighbouring-species","name":"Neighbouring species","description":"Resolve compositional and structural alternatives to ludwigite.","findings":[{"id":"series-and-substitution-limits","name":"Series and substitution limits","description":"Make the applicable naming rules and their evidential requirements explicit.","questions":[{"text":"Which compositional or site-occupancy criteria distinguish this grain from vonsenite and other plausible ludwigite-group species?","id":"series-and-substitution-limits-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Are the chemistry and occupancy data sufficient to apply those criteria, or must the identification remain broader?","id":"series-and-substitution-limits-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"composition-and-valence","name":"Composition and valence","description":"Describe actual ludwigite chemistry rather than copying an ideal formula into every specimen.","layers":[{"id":"analytical-formula","name":"Analytical formula","description":"Connect chemical measurements to a defensible formula calculation.","findings":[{"id":"boron-and-cation-balance","name":"Boron and cation balance","description":"Record measured constituents, analytical closure and formula normalization.","questions":[{"text":"Were B, Mg and Fe measured on the identified ludwigite phase, and what detection limits and uncertainties apply?","id":"boron-and-cation-balance-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What normalization basis was used, and were boron or oxygen values measured, assumed or calculated?","id":"boron-and-cation-balance-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"valence-and-heterogeneity","name":"Valence and heterogeneity","description":"Separate oxidation-state evidence from compositional averaging.","findings":[{"id":"iron-allocation-and-zoning","name":"Iron allocation and zoning","description":"Track iron-valence assignments, substituting cations and within-grain variation.","questions":[{"text":"Was Fe2+/Fe3+ determined independently or inferred from charge balance, and how does that affect the species assignment?","id":"iron-allocation-and-zoning-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Do grain maps or repeated analyses reveal zoning, substituting cations or unresolved inclusions behind the reported composition?","id":"iron-allocation-and-zoning-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"structure-and-diagnostic-observations","name":"Structure and diagnostic observations","description":"Combine crystallographic identification with observations of the same material.","layers":[{"id":"diffraction-evidence","name":"Diffraction evidence","description":"Evaluate the structural match and competing phase interpretations.","findings":[{"id":"pattern-and-cell-consistency","name":"Pattern and cell consistency","description":"Link diffraction results to analyzed grains and named reference material.","questions":[{"text":"Which reflections, refined cell parameters and fit residuals support a ludwigite-compatible structure?","id":"pattern-and-cell-consistency-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Could overlapping peaks from associated minerals or another group member explain the apparent match?","id":"pattern-and-cell-consistency-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"specimen-scale-observations","name":"Specimen-scale observations","description":"Use physical and optical observations as corroboration with explicit sampling limits.","findings":[{"id":"habit-and-property-attribution","name":"Habit and property attribution","description":"Keep observations of ludwigite separate from properties of its matrix and intergrowths.","questions":[{"text":"What habit, hardness, streak and optical behaviour were observed on confirmed ludwigite grains?","id":"habit-and-property-attribution-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"If density or magnetic response was measured, what evidence excludes an effect dominated by associated phases?","id":"habit-and-property-attribution-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"occurrence-and-phase-context","name":"Occurrence and phase context","description":"Record where ludwigite occurs within a specimen and how that context is established.","layers":[{"id":"geological-setting","name":"Geological setting","description":"Connect the sample to its documented host and collection history.","findings":[{"id":"host-and-locality-evidence","name":"Host and locality evidence","description":"Ludwigite is reported typically from magnesian iron skarn and contact-metamorphic deposits; record whether the specimen context is demonstrated or only labelled. Reference: [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/ludwigite.pdf).","questions":[{"text":"Which collection records establish the locality, host rock and position of the ludwigite-bearing sample?","id":"host-and-locality-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What observations support the proposed formation setting, and which parts remain inferred?","id":"host-and-locality-evidence-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"intergrowth-and-replacement","name":"Intergrowth and replacement","description":"Describe mineral contacts, phase proportions and changes to the original grains.","findings":[{"id":"phase-fraction-and-texture","name":"Phase fraction and texture","description":"Distinguish intact ludwigite from inclusions, adjacent phases and replacement material.","questions":[{"text":"What fraction of the specimen is ludwigite, and how were fine intergrowths included in the estimate?","id":"phase-fraction-and-texture-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which textures demonstrate replacement or alteration, and which merely show minerals in contact?","id":"phase-fraction-and-texture-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"preparation-preservation-and-use","name":"Preparation, preservation and use","description":"Translate the specimen's composition, texture and condition into justified next actions.","layers":[{"id":"sampling-and-particle-control","name":"Sampling and particle control","description":"Plan sampling around intergrowth, grain fragility and evidence about released particles.","findings":[{"id":"representative-preparation","name":"Representative preparation","description":"Record preparation choices and their effects on the sample and its interpretation.","questions":[{"text":"Which sampling and separation method yields representative ludwigite without selectively losing fine grains or retaining matrix?","id":"representative-preparation-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What particle-release and associated-mineral evidence should govern cutting, grinding or handling this specimen?","id":"representative-preparation-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"fitness-for-intended-use","name":"Fitness for intended use","description":"Assess whether the documented material meets the requirements of a particular analytical or material task.","findings":[{"id":"use-constraints-and-state-changes","name":"Use constraints and state changes","description":"Require specimen-specific evidence before inferring performance from the mineral name.","questions":[{"text":"What phase-purity, composition and grain-integrity requirements must this ludwigite specimen meet for the proposed use?","id":"use-constraints-and-state-changes-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What evidence establishes its response to the proposed heating, chemical treatment or storage conditions?","id":"use-constraints-and-state-changes-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of ludwigite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of ludwigite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of ludwigite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of ludwigite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of ludwigite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of ludwigite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe ludwigite, its composition and skarn occurrence from mineralogical sources.","Record specimens and assay results as part of a boron or iron resource survey."],"mustNot":["Overstate the grade of a ludwigite deposit in resource reports.","Help collect or mine on land without the owner's or authority's permission.","Sell another dark fibrous mineral as ludwigite without analysis."],"requiresHuman":["Approving exploration or extraction based on its assays."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Mining boron and iron ore affects land, water and local communities.","Misreported resources mislead investors and communities."],"affectedParties":["Communities near deposits","Investors and buyers","Collectors"]},"owners":{"steward":"The holder of a specimen; for deposits, the mineral rights holder under the mining authority.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Mining cadastres and mineral rights registers"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q3777736","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.ludwigite","Wikidata: Q2424234 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2424234)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Identification confidence: provisional; analytically supported; unresolved series member","Grain composition: Element or oxide mass percent and atoms per formula unit, with normalization basis","Iron oxidation-state distribution: Fe2+ and Fe3+ atoms per formula unit; measured or inferred","Structural assignment: Crystal system, space group and reference diffraction pattern","Ludwigite phase fraction: Mass percent or volume percent, with method and uncertainty","Aggregate habit and liberation: Fibrous or other observed habit; grain dimensions in µm or mm; free or intergrown","Associated mineral phases: Identified phase, abundance and textural relationship","Alteration and preparation state: Fresh; partly replaced; coated; consolidated; powdered; unknown","Geological provenance: Locality, host rock, collection record and supporting evidence"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Dark green to black fibrous or radiating needle-like masses with a silky lustre.","Found in skarns with magnetite and other boron minerals; confirmed by analysis."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Assign or qualify a ludwigite identification by combining diffraction and grain chemistry.","Select representative grains for boron analysis, iron-valence determination or structural refinement.","Estimate ludwigite abundance and document intergrowths before evaluating a bulk sample.","Compare specimens across occurrences while keeping analytical methods and composition differences explicit.","Choose preparation and preservation actions according to aggregate integrity, coatings and particle-release potential."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Fibrous fragments and rock dust should not be inhaled when broken.","Mining it shares the general hazards of skarn ore extraction."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The approved mineral nomenclature maintained by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification recognizes ludwigite as a mineral species."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Ludwigite is encountered in geological fieldwork, mineral collections and laboratory studies of boron-bearing skarns and metamorphosed magnesium-rich carbonate rocks.","Its occurrence and composition help geologists investigate mineral associations and the chemical conditions under which the host rocks formed."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q2424234: ludwigite","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2424234","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Ludwigite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigite","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which authoritative naming criteria resolve intermediate ludwigite-vonsenite compositions and strongly substituted grains?","Which boron and iron-valence methods provide adequate accuracy for the specimen size and intergrowth scale encountered?","What measured thermal transformations and chemical reactivity apply to characterized ludwigite compositions under specified conditions?","What ludwigite-specific particle-exposure evidence exists, and how should it be separated from hazards of associated minerals?","Are any CAS, EC or other chemical identifiers demonstrably specific to ludwigite, and what evidence supports their applicability to natural mixtures or synthetic equivalents?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q2424234/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q2424234/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T11:04:10Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}