{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.mingghan","code":"thing-q2640414","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2640414/","name":"Mingghan","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Society, people and institutions","entryKind":"thing","plane":"SOC","domain":["SOC.ORG"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A mingghan was a military-administrative unit in the Mongol decimal system, nominally comprising one thousand soldiers and associated with the population responsible for supplying them.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise a Mingghan, assess its documented military and administrative organisation, and distinguish nominal establishment from actual people, obligations and command.","scope":{"in":["Identification of a documented Mingghan within a particular period and polity","Nominal decimal establishment and separately evidenced household and troop counts","Constituent subdivisions and higher command attachments","Command appointments, subordinate authority and dependent population","Military service, administrative obligations and organisational change"],"out":["The Mongol Empire's entire governmental and military system","The personal biography of a Mingghan commander","Individual soldiers, households, horses and equipment as independent entities","Campaigns and battles in which a Mingghan participated","Other decimal institutions whose equivalence to a Mingghan has not been established"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Identification requires evidence of a Mongol organisational thousand, rather than merely a group counted as one thousand.","The unit must be distinguished from its commander: a person commanding a thousand is not the organisation itself.","Its decimal level differs from a hundred-level subdivision and a ten-thousand-level formation; actual attachments require evidence.","A reported strength below or above one thousand does not by itself disqualify an otherwise attested Mingghan.","A household-based administrative constituency and a deployed troop contingent must be distinguishable even where they belong to the same unit."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"historical-identification","name":"Historical identification","description":"Establish which organisational thousand a reference denotes and the limits of that identification.","layers":[{"id":"designation-and-referent","name":"Designation and referent","description":"Separate the organisation from its name, numerical meaning and command office.","findings":[{"id":"unit-identification","name":"Unit identification","description":"Record the original expression and evidence that it denotes a military-administrative unit rather than a person or a count.","questions":[{"text":"What expression does the source use, and does its context identify an organisation, a commander or a numerical quantity?","id":"unit-identification-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which passage supports mapping this reference to vr.tr.mingghan?","id":"unit-identification-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"period-and-institutional-boundary","name":"Period and institutional boundary","description":"Anchor interpretation to the relevant polity and historical interval.","findings":[{"id":"contextual-equivalence","name":"Contextual equivalence","description":"Treat similarly translated decimal institutions as comparison candidates until their relationship is established.","questions":[{"text":"Under which ruler, polity and dated institutional arrangement is this Mingghan attested?","id":"contextual-equivalence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does a proposed equivalent denote the same institution, a successor form or only another organisation called a thousand?","id":"contextual-equivalence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"decimal-establishment-and-strength","name":"Decimal establishment and strength","description":"Represent the thousand-level ideal separately from counted membership and field strength.","layers":[{"id":"establishment-and-subdivision","name":"Establishment and subdivision","description":"Record the stated decimal arrangement and its evidenced implementation.","findings":[{"id":"documented-decimal-composition","name":"Documented decimal composition","description":"Distinguish an expected arrangement of hundreds from named or enumerated constituent units.","questions":[{"text":"What subdivisions are actually attested, and which are inferred only from the decimal ideal?","id":"documented-decimal-composition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which higher formation, if any, contained this Mingghan at the date being modelled?","id":"documented-decimal-composition-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"households-and-fielded-personnel","name":"Households and fielded personnel","description":"Keep administrative membership, service liability and mobilisation counts distinct.","findings":[{"id":"count-basis-and-date","name":"Count basis and date","description":"Every strength figure requires a counted population, date and evidential basis; missing troop figures must not be calculated automatically from households.","questions":[{"text":"Does each reported number count households, assigned servicemen, available fighters or troops deployed on a particular occasion?","id":"count-basis-and-date-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What dated evidence supports the number, and is it an establishment figure, enumeration or estimate?","id":"count-basis-and-date-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"command-and-dependent-population","name":"Command and dependent population","description":"Model who exercised authority over the Mingghan and how its constituent people were attached to it.","layers":[{"id":"appointment-and-command","name":"Appointment and command","description":"Record command holders, superior authorities and the scope of each appointment.","findings":[{"id":"command-tenure-and-powers","name":"Command tenure and powers","description":"Separate a commander's identity and tenure from the unit's identity, and distinguish attested authority from assumed powers.","questions":[{"text":"Who commanded this Mingghan, during which interval, and through whose appointment or recognition?","id":"command-tenure-and-powers-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What evidence establishes the commander's powers over mobilisation, subordinate appointments and household administration?","id":"command-tenure-and-powers-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"population-attachment","name":"Population attachment","description":"Represent household assignment and affiliation without equating the unit automatically with a kinship group.","findings":[{"id":"membership-and-transfer","name":"Membership and transfer","description":"Record how people belonged to the unit and which movements or reassignments are evidenced.","questions":[{"text":"What identifies the households or groups assigned to this Mingghan, and how does that assignment relate to earlier affiliations?","id":"membership-and-transfer-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What source establishes whether members could transfer, who could authorise transfer and whether a recorded transfer occurred?","id":"membership-and-transfer-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"obligations-and-organisational-continuity","name":"Obligations and organisational continuity","description":"Track the unit's documented duties and persistence through changes in command, population and attachment.","layers":[{"id":"service-and-support","name":"Service and support","description":"Describe military and administrative obligations at the level supported by local historical evidence.","findings":[{"id":"attested-obligation-regime","name":"Attested obligation regime","description":"Separate duties imposed on the unit from contributions attributed to individual households and from service actually delivered.","questions":[{"text":"Which military, provisioning, fiscal or labour duties are explicitly attributed to this Mingghan and its constituent households?","id":"attested-obligation-regime-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What evidence distinguishes an ordered contribution from resources or personnel actually supplied?","id":"attested-obligation-regime-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"reorganisation-and-persistence","name":"Reorganisation and persistence","description":"Assess continuity when rulers, commanders, constituents or higher attachments change.","findings":[{"id":"continuity-decision","name":"Continuity decision","description":"Make same-unit judgements explicit and preserve uncertainty where names or command succession are insufficient.","questions":[{"text":"Does a later reference preserve this unit's identity, describe a division or amalgamation, or reuse a name for a different formation?","id":"continuity-decision-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What evidence permits linking the records, and which unresolved discontinuities require keeping them separate?","id":"continuity-decision-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Mingghan this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Mingghan this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Mingghan this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Mingghan this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Mingghan this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe the mingghan and the Mongol decimal system from historical sources.","Explain how units of one thousand linked military service to supporting households."],"mustNot":["Present nominal unit strengths as exact historical numbers.","Glorify conquest violence or erase the suffering of conquered peoples.","Confuse it with later units of similar names without explaining the difference."],"requiresHuman":["Publishing reconstructions of disputed historical figures as fact."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Accounts of Mongol history affect national identity in Mongolia and across Eurasia.","Conquests brought mass killing that deserves honest recognition."],"affectedParties":["Historians and readers","Mongolian and Central Asian communities","Descendants of conquered peoples"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: a historical institution.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q176799","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.mingghan","Wikidata: Q2640414 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2640414)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Attested designation: Source spelling, transliteration, translated designation and named unit identifier","Historical setting: Polity, ruler, region and dated interval","Nominal establishment: Conventional thousand-level designation; specify whether a source describes troops, households or another basis","Recorded population and strength: Separately dated counts of assigned households, liable personnel and deployed troops, with uncertainty","Decimal composition: Attested hundred-level subdivisions and higher formations, with dates","Command authority: Commander, appointing authority, superior and evidenced powers","Obligation profile: Attested military, provisioning, fiscal or labour obligations; unknown where unestablished","Organisational status: Attested functioning, reorganised, divided, amalgamated, terminated or uncertain"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Classify a historical reference as a Mingghan unit, commander title, numerical expression or uncertain identification.","Reconstruct dated command and subdivision relationships.","Compare nominal establishment with household assignments and deployed strength.","Trace changes in membership, obligations and superior authority.","Evaluate whether two references describe the same continuing unit.","Flag unsupported equivalences and request the evidence needed to resolve them."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Taking nominal unit sizes literally distorts estimates of army sizes."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["A mingghan is encountered in historical accounts of Mongol military organisation and imperial administration.","It describes a unit within a decimal hierarchy that connected military command with obligations imposed on supporting populations.","Historical analysis uses the term to examine command, mobilisation and social organisation while distinguishing nominal strength from actual personnel."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q2640414: Mingghan","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2640414","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Mingghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingghan","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Across which periods and polities should this registry entry encompass later institutions called Mingghan, and where does institutional equivalence cease?","How do contemporary sources distinguish a thousand households, a thousand service obligations and a nominal thousand troops?","How consistently were hundred-level subdivisions and higher decimal attachments implemented in documented Mingghans?","Which appointment, succession, membership-transfer and administrative rules varied by ruler, region or period?","What evidence can establish continuity of a particular Mingghan through redistribution, conquest or changes of commander?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q2640414/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q2640414/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T11:20:29Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"not-applicable","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"not-applicable","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane SOC: no invented physical properties.","interaction.interfaces":"This historical unit has no applicable modern standard, and its particular obligations require evidence from the relevant period and polity.","interaction.recognition":"A historical military-administrative unit cannot be identified by visual appearance or an apparent headcount alone."},"score":1.0}}