{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.mesoamerican-architecture","code":"thing-q2650380","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q2650380/","name":"Mesoamerican architecture","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Mesoamerican architecture comprises the regionally and historically varied building and spatial-planning traditions of Indigenous societies of Mesoamerica, especially those preceding Spanish colonisation, encompassing domestic, civic, ritual and infrastructural construction.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise Mesoamerican architectural traditions, record evidence for their attribution and interpretation, and judge which comparisons or interventions that evidence supports.","scope":{"in":["Geographic, chronological and cultural criteria for attributing architecture to Mesoamerican traditions","Relationships among platforms, pyramidal substructures, temples, plazas, palaces, ballcourts and residential compounds","Construction materials, structural systems, surface treatments and successive building phases","Relationships between architectural space, ritual, political authority and everyday habitation","Evidence supporting architectural interpretation, reconstruction and conservation"],"out":["Complete archaeological inventories and excavation records for individual sites","General histories of Mesoamerican societies beyond their architectural relevance","Portable artworks and inscriptions except where they inform architectural context","Architectural traditions elsewhere in the Americas merely grouped as pre-Columbian","Modern revival architecture as an original instance of an ancient tradition","Engineering specifications and permits for individual conservation projects"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Attribution requires a supported connection to a Mesoamerican cultural and chronological context; a stepped pyramidal silhouette alone is insufficient.","Recognition considers an ensemble's spatial relationships, construction sequence and use evidence rather than identifying the tradition from an isolated monument.","Regional or cultural labels must be supported independently; Maya architecture is a narrower attribution, not a synonym for all Mesoamerican architecture.","An ancient building phase, a modern reconstruction and a revival design must remain distinguishable even when they share visible forms.","Proposed ritual or astronomical functions require contextual evidence beyond monumental scale or apparent alignment."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"attribution-and-boundaries","name":"Attribution and boundaries","description":"Establish what qualifies as Mesoamerican architecture and at what level a more specific attribution is defensible.","layers":[{"id":"regional-and-temporal-membership","name":"Regional and temporal membership","description":"Record the geographic and historical basis for inclusion.","findings":[{"id":"supported-membership","name":"Supported membership","description":"Require an explicit basis for inclusion rather than treating location or appearance as sufficient.","questions":[{"text":"Which geographic and chronological definition of Mesoamerica governs this attribution?","id":"supported-membership-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What archaeological or historical evidence connects the architectural phase to that defined context?","id":"supported-membership-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"tradition-and-transmission","name":"Tradition and transmission","description":"Distinguish regional traditions, shared practices and later reuse of forms.","findings":[{"id":"specific-attribution","name":"Specific attribution","description":"Treat cultural identity, architectural resemblance and transmission as separate claims.","questions":[{"text":"What supports a narrower attribution such as Maya or a named regional tradition beyond visual resemblance?","id":"specific-attribution-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does the example represent participation in a tradition, exchange between traditions, later continuity or modern revival?","id":"specific-attribution-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"ensembles-and-movement","name":"Ensembles and movement","description":"Describe relationships among built masses, open spaces and routes through architectural settings.","layers":[{"id":"components-and-open-spaces","name":"Components and open spaces","description":"Record how platforms, buildings, courts and plazas form an ensemble.","findings":[{"id":"ensemble-composition","name":"Ensemble composition","description":"Make component relationships and the evidence behind typological labels explicit.","questions":[{"text":"How are temples, platforms, ballcourts, residential groups and plazas related within the documented ensemble?","id":"ensemble-composition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which labels describe observable form, and which imply a use that remains to be established?","id":"ensemble-composition-q02","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"access-and-visibility","name":"Access and visibility","description":"Examine stairs, entrances, elevation changes and sightlines without assuming their social meaning.","findings":[{"id":"movement-and-gathering","name":"Movement and gathering","description":"Record how a particular building phase enabled movement, congregation and visual separation.","questions":[{"text":"Which routes connected plazas, elevated platforms and interior rooms during the same construction phase?","id":"movement-and-gathering-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What evidence supports interpreting restricted entrances or elevated spaces as controls on participation?","id":"movement-and-gathering-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"construction-and-transformation","name":"Construction and transformation","description":"Represent material choices, structural techniques and the sequence through which architecture acquired its surviving form.","layers":[{"id":"materials-and-structural-techniques","name":"Materials and structural techniques","description":"Document structural cores, facings, supports, roofing and finishes as distinct elements.","findings":[{"id":"documented-building-system","name":"Documented building system","description":"Ground technical descriptions in surviving fabric and excavation evidence.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence identifies the materials and assembly of foundations, platform fill, wall facings, roofs and plaster surfaces?","id":"documented-building-system-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Where roofing is missing, what supports a proposed corbelled, timber-supported or other roofing system?","id":"documented-building-system-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"successive-building-phases","name":"Successive building phases","description":"Separate initial construction, enlargement, enclosure, repair and abandonment.","findings":[{"id":"phase-specific-form","name":"Phase-specific form","description":"Associate dimensions and spatial interpretations with a supported construction episode.","questions":[{"text":"Which stratigraphic relationships establish whether an earlier structure was enlarged, enclosed or replaced?","id":"phase-specific-form-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which stairs, rooms, surfaces and plaza levels were contemporary rather than combined by later exposure?","id":"phase-specific-form-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"use-and-meaning","name":"Use and meaning","description":"Evaluate evidence for habitation, ceremony, authority and relationships to landscape or sky.","layers":[{"id":"activities-and-social-settings","name":"Activities and social settings","description":"Connect architectural spaces to documented activities and users.","findings":[{"id":"supported-use-interpretation","name":"Supported use interpretation","description":"Allow mixed and changing functions, including uncertainty in conventional temple or palace identifications.","questions":[{"text":"Which deposits, installations, wear patterns or contextual texts support residential, ceremonial or administrative use?","id":"supported-use-interpretation-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Could the same space have supported different activities or users across its building phases?","id":"supported-use-interpretation-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"orientation-and-sacred-landscape","name":"Orientation and sacred landscape","description":"Assess proposed relationships to celestial events, mountains, caves, water and other landscape features.","findings":[{"id":"testable-alignment-claims","name":"Testable alignment claims","description":"Treat intentional orientation and symbolic meaning as hypotheses requiring more than geometric correspondence.","questions":[{"text":"What surveyed axis, horizon position and uncertainty support the proposed celestial or landscape alignment?","id":"testable-alignment-claims-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What independent evidence distinguishes deliberate symbolic orientation from constraints of terrain, drainage or inherited layout?","id":"testable-alignment-claims-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"survival-and-responsible-interpretation","name":"Survival and responsible interpretation","description":"Track how preservation, restoration and representation affect architectural knowledge and proposed actions.","layers":[{"id":"surviving-and-reconstructed-fabric","name":"Surviving and reconstructed fabric","description":"Separate ancient evidence from later interventions and inferred completions.","findings":[{"id":"visible-form-provenance","name":"Visible form provenance","description":"Require provenance for features used in comparisons or reconstructions.","questions":[{"text":"Which visible stairs, roof elements, wall profiles and surface finishes are ancient, repaired or reconstructed?","id":"visible-form-provenance-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How would removing unsupported restorations or restoring documented missing elements change the interpretation?","id":"visible-form-provenance-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"conservation-and-representation-decisions","name":"Conservation and representation decisions","description":"Connect proposed documentation, interpretation or intervention to evidential limits and relevant authority.","findings":[{"id":"justified-next-action","name":"Justified next action","description":"Identify what can responsibly be represented or investigated and what requires further evidence or consultation.","questions":[{"text":"What additional documentation is needed before a missing temple superstructure, painted finish or earlier building phase can be represented?","id":"justified-next-action-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which custodians, relevant Indigenous communities and heritage authorities must inform the proposed interpretation or physical intervention?","id":"justified-next-action-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Mesoamerican architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Mesoamerican architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Mesoamerican architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Mesoamerican architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Mesoamerican architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Mesoamerican architecture this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe Mesoamerican architecture and sites from archaeological sources.","Credit Indigenous builders and descendant communities."],"mustNot":["Help loot or damage archaeological sites.","Present pseudo-archaeological claims, such as foreign builders, as fact.","Disrespect sacred sites or descendant communities.","Encourage climbing or entering protected structures where it is prohibited."],"requiresHuman":["Publishing precise locations of unprotected sites."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["These sites are heritage of living Indigenous peoples.","Tourism and looting threaten sites."],"affectedParties":["Indigenous descendant communities","Archaeologists","Visitors"]},"owners":{"steward":"The states where sites are located, under heritage law; descendant communities hold cultural ties.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["National archaeological site registers","World Heritage List"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q109325784","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q110050436","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q5706702","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.mesoamerican-architecture","Wikidata: Q2650380 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2650380)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Cultural and regional attribution: Linked region, community or architectural tradition, with evidence and attribution confidence","Architectural phase chronology: Date interval in BCE/CE, dating method and uncertainty","Architectural component: Platform, pyramidal substructure, temple, plaza, palace, ballcourt, residential compound, other or unresolved","Ensemble configuration: Component adjacency, enclosure, elevation, axial relationship and access connection","Construction system: Documented combinations of earth, masonry, timber, plaster, fill, roofing and support techniques","Orientation: Azimuth in degrees relative to stated north reference, with survey uncertainty and relevant horizon data","Attributed use: Residential, ceremonial, administrative, funerary, ballgame-related, mixed, other or unresolved; evidence attached","Material authenticity: Ancient fabric, ancient alteration, modern repair, reconstruction, hypothetical rendering or unresolved","Interpretive support: Directly observed, supported inference, contested interpretation or untested hypothesis"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Stepped pyramids with temples on top, plazas and ball courts.","Carved stone facades, stucco and murals."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Assess a proposed attribution using regional, chronological and construction evidence.","Compare architectural ensembles while controlling for period, region, function and preservation.","Trace rebuilding episodes and changes in access, elevation and use.","Evaluate ritual, political or astronomical interpretations against documented alternatives.","Identify evidence gaps before presenting a reconstruction or supporting a conservation proposal."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Looting destroys archaeological context.","Tourism wear and erosion damage structures."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972, UNESCO."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Mesoamerican architecture is encountered in archaeological sites, surviving structures and reconstructions of settlements across the region.","Its study helps interpret domestic life, political authority, ritual practices and relationships between buildings and landscapes.","Documentation and conservation use regional and chronological evidence to distinguish traditions and guide the treatment of surviving remains."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q2650380: Mesoamerican architecture","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2650380","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Mesoamerican architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which scholarly definitions best establish the geographic and chronological limits of this registry entry, especially for frontier contexts and post-conquest continuities?","Which regional typologies permit useful comparison without treating one architectural tradition as the template for all Mesoamerica?","How should the model compensate for uneven survival and documentation of domestic buildings, perishable structures and monumental centres?","What evidential thresholds should distinguish supported interpretations of ritual use, political access and astronomical orientation from plausible hypotheses?","How should living community knowledge and archaeological interpretations be represented when they offer different accounts of architectural meaning or appropriate treatment?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q2650380/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q2650380/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T11:15:52Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}