{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.horreum","code":"thing-q279616","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q279616/","name":"horreum","alternateNames":["Chartaria"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.BLT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A public warehouse of ancient Rome used to store grain, olive oil, wine, textiles and other goods, ranging from the great state granaries of Rome and Ostia to storerooms in forts and villas; horrea were typically rectangular buildings around a courtyard with raised floors and thick walls, managed by officials, and are known from excavations, inscriptions and ancient texts.","purpose":"Let an agent identify horrea as a Roman building type, explain their design, management and role in supply, relay archaeological examples and references, and distinguish them from later warehouses and from granaries in other cultures.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Roman building type","Courtyard plan with storerooms","Raised floors against damp and vermin","State and private management"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"identify","name":"Identify","description":"What a horreum is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition and features.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is a horreum, and what features identify one in excavation?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the building a horreum or another Roman structure?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"kinds","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","findings":[{"id":"kinds-finding","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","questions":[{"text":"What kinds of horrea existed, from state granaries to military stores?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific site?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"function","name":"Function","description":"Design and management.","layers":[{"id":"design","name":"Design","description":"Design.","findings":[{"id":"design-finding","name":"Design","description":"Design.","questions":[{"text":"How were horrea designed to keep goods dry and secure?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Roman architecture?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"management","name":"Management","description":"Management.","findings":[{"id":"management-finding","name":"Management","description":"Management.","questions":[{"text":"How were horrea managed, and what do inscriptions and texts say about their officials and tenants?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"supply","name":"Supply","description":"Role in supply.","layers":[{"id":"annona","name":"Annona","description":"Grain supply.","findings":[{"id":"annona-finding","name":"Annona","description":"Annona.","questions":[{"text":"What role did horrea play in the grain supply of Rome and the army?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the annona?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"trade","name":"Trade","description":"Trade.","findings":[{"id":"trade-finding","name":"Trade","description":"Trade.","questions":[{"text":"How did horrea at ports and cities serve trade?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Roman trade?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"study","name":"Study","description":"Archaeology.","layers":[{"id":"sites","name":"Sites","description":"Excavated sites.","findings":[{"id":"sites-finding","name":"Sites","description":"Sites.","questions":[{"text":"Which horrea are well documented, at Rome, Ostia, Portus and in the provinces?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"later","name":"Later","description":"Later uses of the term.","findings":[{"id":"later-finding","name":"Later","description":"Later.","questions":[{"text":"How was the term horreum used in later periods?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits medieval granaries?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe horrea from archaeological and written sources, noting where evidence is uncertain.","Report the condition of a horreum site to the heritage body responsible for it."],"mustNot":["Damage, dig or remove material from a horreum site without a heritage permit.","Help trade in objects taken from ancient storage sites.","Present reconstructions as excavated fact."],"requiresHuman":["Flying drones over or surveying a protected site."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Ancient sites are shared heritage that cannot be replaced once disturbed.","Horrea show how a state fed its people; their history should not erase the labourers who worked them."],"affectedParties":["Future generations","Local communities near sites","Researchers"]},"owners":{"steward":"The heritage authority of the country where the site lies; the landowner holds the ground.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["National monuments and archaeological site registers"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1362225","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"warehouse","type":"related","note":"the general category"},{"target":"Roman building","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"annona","type":"related","note":"the grain supply system"},{"target":"Roman archaeology","type":"related","note":"the discipline"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.horreum","Wikidata: Q279616 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279616)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["largest known: about 225 by 150 m - Horrea Galbae in Rome","period: about second century BC to fifth century AD years"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Roman public warehouse","Storerooms around a courtyard with raised floors","Medieval and modern warehouses and non-Roman granaries are separate types","A rectangular masonry building with rows of storerooms around a courtyard, raised floors, narrow windows and thick walls."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify horrea and their features","explain design and management","relay archaeological examples","distinguish from other warehouse types"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing horrea with other Roman buildings","Unsourced reconstructions","Site decay and looting"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Heritage protection of archaeological sites","No regulation of the type itself"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Storing goods, especially grain, in the Roman world.","state granaries of Rome such as Horrea Galbae","harbour horrea at Ostia and Portus","military horrea in forts","villa and estate horrea","specialised horrea such as those for documents, sometimes called chartaria"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q279616: horreum","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279616","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Horreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horreum","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should notable horrea be separate entries?","How should excavation reports be linked?","The registry entry has merged an alias for document stores; should it be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q279616/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q279616/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T21:40:42Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:58+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}