{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.nicotine","code":"thing-q28086552","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q28086552/","name":"(−)-nicotine","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The naturally occurring (S)-enantiomer of nicotine, a pyridine-pyrrolidine alkaloid that is the principal psychoactive constituent of Nicotiana species and a high-affinity agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to identify (−)-nicotine, assess the identity and condition of material containing it, and determine whether a proposed handling or use is supported by evidence.","scope":{"in":["Stereochemical identity and discrimination from other nicotine compositions","Free-base identity and relations to protonated nicotine, salts and mixtures","Nicotine assay, enantiomeric composition and relevant impurities","Material condition, storage history and analytical evidence of change","Substance-specific handling constraints and suitability for a declared use"],"out":["Tobacco plants, cultivation and whole-leaf composition","Complete formulations and delivery performance of nicotine-containing products","Patient treatment, dosing, dependence and clinical outcomes","Detailed synthesis, extraction and purification processes","Complete models of nicotine salts, metabolites and other alkaloids","Facility-wide chemical safety and waste-management systems"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Require evidence for the S-configured nicotine structure, rather than accepting an unspecified nicotine label: PubChem identifies (−)-nicotine with (S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine. [PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/L-Nicotine)","Use an enantioselective measurement to distinguish S-enriched nicotine from R-nicotine and racemic nicotine; a total-nicotine assay alone does not establish the claimed stereochemical composition.","Check protonation, counterions and composition to distinguish neat free-base material from a nicotine salt or nicotine-containing solution.","Require analytical discrimination from related alkaloids and transformation products; a product name, colour or nominal molecular mass alone is insufficient.","Treat optical rotation as condition-dependent supporting evidence, recording wavelength, temperature, solvent and concentration before comparing results."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"nicotine-stereochemical-identity","name":"Nicotine stereochemical identity","description":"Establishes whether the evidence identifies the registered S-configured nicotine substance.","layers":[{"id":"molecular-identity","name":"Molecular identity","description":"Connects the name to an explicitly stereochemical molecular identity.","findings":[{"id":"structure-and-identifier-agreement","name":"Structure and identifier agreement","description":"Record whether structural evidence and identifiers consistently designate (−)-nicotine.","questions":[{"text":"Does the assigned structure explicitly specify S configuration at nicotine's stereogenic centre?","id":"structure-and-identifier-agreement-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which authoritative identity record and sample-specific evidence support that assignment?","id":"structure-and-identifier-agreement-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"enantiomer-discrimination","name":"Enantiomer discrimination","description":"Separates verified stereochemical composition from an unqualified nicotine assay.","findings":[{"id":"s-and-r-composition","name":"S and R composition","description":"Record the measured enantiomer proportions and the limitations of supporting evidence.","questions":[{"text":"What S and R proportions were measured, by which enantioselective method and with what detection limits?","id":"s-and-r-composition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"If optical rotation supports identification, are its conditions and reference comparison recorded?","id":"s-and-r-composition-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What use-specific acceptance rule distinguishes acceptable S-enriched material from an unresolved or mixed-enantiomer sample?","id":"s-and-r-composition-q03","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"nicotine-form-and-matrix","name":"Nicotine form and matrix","description":"Locates the nicotine identity within its actual chemical presentation.","layers":[{"id":"protonation-and-counterions","name":"Protonation and counterions","description":"Records evidence for the material's nicotine species and salt relationships.","findings":[{"id":"chemical-form-assignment","name":"Chemical form assignment","description":"Keep free-base identity distinct from the identity of a complete salt or solution.","questions":[{"text":"Is nicotine present as free base, protonated species or a mixture, and what establishes this?","id":"chemical-form-assignment-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Where a salt is claimed, which counterion and stoichiometry are established, and which neighbouring model owns the complete salt?","id":"chemical-form-assignment-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"matrix-dependent-state","name":"Matrix-dependent state","description":"Records the medium needed to interpret nicotine's state in a sample.","findings":[{"id":"medium-and-speciation-evidence","name":"Medium and speciation evidence","description":"Attach solvent, acidity and temperature context to claims about nicotine species.","questions":[{"text":"What solvent or host matrix contains the nicotine, and is its composition adequately known?","id":"medium-and-speciation-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which measured conditions and validated assumptions support any reported unprotonated fraction?","id":"medium-and-speciation-evidence-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"nicotine-assay-and-composition","name":"Nicotine assay and composition","description":"Determines how much relevant nicotine is present and what accompanies it.","layers":[{"id":"quantity-basis","name":"Quantity basis","description":"Makes nicotine measurements comparable without silently changing their meaning.","findings":[{"id":"assay-meaning-and-conversion","name":"Assay meaning and conversion","description":"Record the analyte, denominator and conversion basis of every nicotine quantity.","questions":[{"text":"Does the reported value quantify total nicotine, S-nicotine, free-base-equivalent nicotine or the mass of a complete salt?","id":"assay-meaning-and-conversion-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Are concentration basis, uncertainty and any density or stoichiometry needed for conversion available?","id":"assay-meaning-and-conversion-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"analytical-selectivity","name":"Analytical selectivity","description":"Tests whether the analytical evidence separates nicotine from accompanying substances.","findings":[{"id":"impurities-and-assay-interference","name":"Impurities and assay interference","description":"Record relevant impurities, unresolved signals and limitations of the nicotine assay.","questions":[{"text":"Which related alkaloids, residual process materials or transformation products were sought and quantified?","id":"impurities-and-assay-interference-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What demonstrates that matrix effects or unresolved compounds do not invalidate the reported nicotine result?","id":"impurities-and-assay-interference-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"nicotine-condition-and-history","name":"Nicotine condition and history","description":"Connects present composition to production, storage and subsequent changes.","layers":[{"id":"origin-and-lot-continuity","name":"Origin and lot continuity","description":"Separates material provenance from chemical identity and preserves sample traceability.","findings":[{"id":"origin-claim-evidence","name":"Origin claim evidence","description":"Record extraction or synthesis claims without using them as substitutes for stereochemical measurement.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence supports the claimed nicotine origin and connects the tested sample to the supplied lot?","id":"origin-claim-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is origin relevant to the intended use, and has it been kept separate from proof of S configuration and purity?","id":"origin-claim-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"change-during-storage","name":"Change during storage","description":"Assesses whether the material remains supported by its existing qualification evidence.","findings":[{"id":"condition-change-and-retest","name":"Condition change and retest","description":"Compare exposure history and current measurements with a documented baseline.","questions":[{"text":"What air, light, moisture, temperature and container exposures occurred after the last qualifying assay?","id":"condition-change-and-retest-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Have nicotine assay, impurity profile or physical observations changed relative to the baseline?","id":"condition-change-and-retest-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which evidence-based criterion requires retesting, quarantine or rejection?","id":"condition-change-and-retest-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"nicotine-handling-and-use-decisions","name":"Nicotine handling and use decisions","description":"Connects the assessed material to a specific proposed operation and its applicable controls.","layers":[{"id":"exposure-context","name":"Exposure context","description":"Identifies how the proposed operation could expose people to the actual nicotine-bearing material.","findings":[{"id":"operation-specific-controls","name":"Operation-specific controls","description":"Use the material's concentration, form and operation to identify applicable handling requirements.","questions":[{"text":"What nicotine quantity, concentration, matrix and potential exposure routes are involved in the proposed operation?","id":"operation-specific-controls-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which current safety data and approved procedure establish the required containment, protective equipment and incident response?","id":"operation-specific-controls-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"use-specific-disposition","name":"Use-specific disposition","description":"Makes acceptance or restriction explicit for a named purpose.","findings":[{"id":"qualification-and-permitted-next-step","name":"Qualification and permitted next step","description":"Record the evidence and authority supporting analysis, use, transfer, continued storage or disposal.","questions":[{"text":"Which identity, enantiomeric composition, assay and impurity requirements apply to the declared use?","id":"qualification-and-permitted-next-step-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Do the available results and applicable jurisdictional requirements support the proposed action, or require restriction or further review?","id":"qualification-and-permitted-next-step-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of (−)-nicotine this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe nicotine's effects, risks and regulation from health sources.","Direct people to cessation support services."],"mustNot":["Provide guidance on extracting, concentrating or mixing nicotine.","Market or recommend nicotine products to minors.","Claim nicotine products are harmless.","Advise on dosing nicotine replacement without health guidance."],"requiresHuman":["Recommending a cessation treatment plan."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Nicotine is highly addictive, and the tobacco industry targeted young people.","Concentrated liquids can poison children."],"affectedParties":["Children","Smokers and vapers","Families"]},"owners":{"steward":"Producers of nicotine products; health authorities regulate them.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q12144","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.nicotine","Wikidata: Q28086552 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Stereospecific identity confidence: claimed | supported | conflicting | unresolved","Nicotine enantiomer composition: S and R mole fractions or percentages, with method and uncertainty","Chemical presentation: free base | protonated species in solution | identified salt | mixed | unresolved","Counterion or host matrix: identified counterion, solvent, formulation or biological matrix","Nicotine content: mg, mg/g, mg/mL or mol/L, explicitly stating total nicotine versus S-nicotine and free-base-equivalent versus salt basis","Optical rotation: observed degrees or specific rotation with convention, wavelength, temperature, solvent and concentration","Solution acidity and nicotine speciation: pH where applicable; estimated or measured species fractions with medium, temperature and method","Impurity and transformation-product profile: identified substances and concentrations, reporting limits and unresolved analytical signals","Storage and exposure history: dated temperature, light, air, moisture, container and opening records","Disposition for intended use: unassessed | accepted for specified use | restricted | quarantined | rejected"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A colourless to pale yellow oily liquid that browns in air.","Present in tobacco and labelled e-liquids."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Resolve a nicotine identity claim against structural and stereochemical evidence.","Request and interpret assays that distinguish total nicotine, S-nicotine and relevant impurities.","Compare nicotine quantities after verifying chemical form and reporting basis.","Link the substance to a salt, formulation or sample without conflating their identities.","Assess whether storage history or analytical changes require retesting or quarantine.","Route proposed handling, transfer or disposal through applicable substance-specific controls."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Poisoning, especially of children, from concentrated liquids.","Addiction."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, World Health Organization."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Naturally occurring (S)-nicotine is encountered in tobacco plants, tobacco-derived materials and products containing nicotine.","It is also used in pharmacological research and nicotine replacement medicines, where chemical identity, purity and formulation determine the material's intended role."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q28086552: (−)-nicotine","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28086552","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does the registry intend this entry to own only neutral (S)-nicotine, or also nicotine-moiety records within protonated forms and salts?","What enantiomeric acceptance thresholds and analytical methods are appropriate for each intended use?","Which impurity and transformation-product panels are required for the relevant origins, matrices and grades?","What validated storage, container-compatibility and retest criteria apply to each material presentation?","Which jurisdiction, product category and operational setting determine the applicable handling, transfer and disposal requirements?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q28086552/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q28086552/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T10:23:50Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}