{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.specific-energy","code":"thing-q3023293","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q3023293/","name":"specific energy","alternateNames":["specific enthalpy","specific internal energy","specific Helmholtz energy","specific Gibbs energy","specific enthalpy of fusion","specific latent heat of phase transition","convective inhibition","specific energy imparted"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.4","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Cross-cutting context","entryKind":"thing","plane":"XCT","domain":["XCT.QLT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A physical quantity expressing energy per unit mass, measured in joules per kilogram, used to compare materials and systems regardless of size, with forms the registry aliases name such as specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific Helmholtz and Gibbs energy, specific latent heat of phase transition and specific enthalpy of fusion; specific energy is central to thermodynamics, fuels, batteries and food energy, where energy density per mass is compared. It should be distinguished from energy density per unit volume, which is different.","purpose":"Let an agent explain specific energy, relay definition, thermodynamic forms and applications from physics and engineering sources, describe the named forms, and distinguish specific energy from energy density by volume, specific heat capacity, calorific value and power-to-weight ratio.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Per unit mass","Many thermodynamic forms","Fuel and battery comparison","Distinct from volumetric density"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What specific energy is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is specific energy, and how does it differ from energy density by volume, specific heat capacity, calorific value and power-to-weight ratio?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about thermodynamics, fuels, batteries or food energy?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"forms","name":"Forms","description":"Named forms.","findings":[{"id":"forms-finding","name":"Forms","description":"Forms.","questions":[{"text":"What are specific internal energy, enthalpy, free energies and latent heats?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific form?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"thermodynamics","name":"Thermodynamics","description":"Thermodynamics.","layers":[{"id":"functions","name":"Functions","description":"State functions per mass.","findings":[{"id":"functions-finding","name":"Functions","description":"Functions.","questions":[{"text":"How are internal energy, enthalpy and free energy expressed per unit mass?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"latent","name":"Latent heat","description":"Specific latent heat.","findings":[{"id":"latent-finding","name":"Latent heat","description":"Latent heat.","questions":[{"text":"What is specific latent heat of fusion and vaporisation?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"applications","name":"Applications","description":"Applications.","layers":[{"id":"fuels","name":"Fuels","description":"Fuel energy.","findings":[{"id":"fuels-finding","name":"Fuels","description":"Fuels.","questions":[{"text":"How is specific energy used to compare fuels?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits calorific value?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"batteries","name":"Batteries","description":"Battery energy.","findings":[{"id":"batteries-finding","name":"Batteries","description":"Batteries.","questions":[{"text":"How is gravimetric energy density used for batteries?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the information accurate?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"Distinctions.","layers":[{"id":"density","name":"Density","description":"Energy density.","findings":[{"id":"density-finding","name":"Density","description":"Density.","questions":[{"text":"How does specific energy differ from volumetric energy density?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which entry fits energy density?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"food","name":"Food","description":"Food energy.","findings":[{"id":"food-finding","name":"Food","description":"Food.","questions":[{"text":"How is energy per mass used for food energy?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the information current?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Calculate specific energy in joules per kilogram and state the units used.","Compare fuels or batteries by specific energy and say what the figure includes."],"mustNot":["Confuse specific energy with energy density or specific heat capacity.","Present a supplier's specific energy claim as tested when it is not.","Use a specific energy figure in a safety or design decision without stating its basis and units."],"requiresHuman":["Relying on specific energy figures to approve a battery or fuel system."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Unit and definition errors can mislead buyers and engineers.","Misleading battery claims affect safety and climate decisions."],"affectedParties":["Engineers","Buyers of batteries and vehicles","Students"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the quantity; standards bodies define the units.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q107715","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q25389752","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"specific quantity","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"energy density","type":"related"},{"target":"specific heat capacity","type":"related"},{"target":"battery","type":"related"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.specific-energy","Wikidata: Q3023293 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3023293)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["SI unit: J/kg unit","battery use: gravimetric energy density note","registry parents: physical quantity, specific quantity note"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Energy per unit mass","Specific enthalpy, specific internal energy, specific Helmholtz energy, specific Gibbs energy, specific enthalpy of fusion, specific latent heat of phase transition","Energy density is per volume; specific heat capacity is energy per mass per degree; calorific value is fuel energy; power-to-weight is power per mass","Not a physical object; a value in joules per kilogram."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain the quantity","relay thermodynamic forms","describe named forms","distinguish related quantities"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing specific energy and energy density","Confusing with specific heat capacity","Unit errors"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["SI units","ISO 80000 quantities and units"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Comparing energy per unit mass.","specific internal energy","specific enthalpy","specific free energies","specific latent heats"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q3023293: specific energy","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3023293","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Specific energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_energy","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should each thermodynamic form be a separate entry?","How should fuel and battery data be linked?","How should energy density be cross-referenced?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q3023293/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q3023293/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-14T02:02:46Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:58+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}