{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.hydraulic-mining","code":"thing-q3062592","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q3062592/","name":"hydraulic mining","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Hydraulic mining is a mining method that uses directed, high-pressure water jets to disaggregate and excavate mineral-bearing material, usually conveying the loosened material as a slurry for recovery of valuable constituents.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise hydraulic mining, assess an operation's water-driven excavation and material handling, and identify the evidence needed to judge feasible or permissible actions.","scope":{"in":["Identification of the deposit, target material and role of water jets in excavation","Water supply, pressure generation and delivery to the excavation face","Jet operation, face retreat and excavation stability","Movement of excavated solids and water to a recovery or disposal interface","Water accounting, sediment containment, operating constraints and closure"],"out":["Design and manufacture of pumps, pipes and hydraulic monitors as equipment","Detailed mineral separation, concentration, refining and product specifications","Dredging in which suction or mechanical digging performs the primary excavation","Solution mining in which dissolution releases the target material","Regional mineral-resource estimation and mine-wide financial valuation","General river-basin management beyond the operation's dependencies and effects"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Water-jet action must perform material excavation or disaggregation; water used only for dust suppression, washing or transport does not establish hydraulic mining.","Identify the excavation mechanism separately from the recovery mechanism: sluicing excavated material does not by itself show that hydraulic mining occurred.","Identify whether a jet attacks an exposed face or works through a borehole; do not silently treat both configurations as the same operational subtype.","Distinguish fragmentation or erosion into transported solids from extraction primarily achieved by dissolving minerals.","Record hydraulic mining as an activity with an excavation sequence and material destination, rather than treating a hydraulic monitor or pump as the activity itself."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"extraction-identity","name":"Extraction identity","description":"Establishes what is being mined and whether water jets perform the defining excavation work.","layers":[{"id":"excavation-mechanism","name":"Excavation mechanism","description":"Identifies how material is detached from the deposit.","findings":[{"id":"water-jet-role","name":"Water-jet role","description":"Record evidence of the jet's contribution to material detachment and the contribution of other excavation methods.","questions":[{"text":"Does directed water detach the deposit material, or only wash or transport material already excavated?","id":"water-jet-role-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"If mechanical excavation and water jets operate together, which material and process stages does each handle?","id":"water-jet-role-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"deposit-and-method-boundaries","name":"Deposit and method boundaries","description":"Connects the target deposit to the operation's method and terminology.","findings":[{"id":"target-and-configuration","name":"Target and configuration","description":"Record the sought material, host deposit and excavation configuration without assuming that hydraulic mining means only gold placer mining.","questions":[{"text":"Which mineral or material is sought, and what deposit material must the jets remove to obtain it?","id":"target-and-configuration-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which source identifies this configuration as hydraulic mining, and does its usage include borehole or underground jet excavation?","id":"target-and-configuration-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"water-and-jet-delivery","name":"Water and jet delivery","description":"Describes the water dependency and delivery conditions that make jet excavation possible.","layers":[{"id":"water-availability","name":"Water availability","description":"Establishes the sources, variability and recirculation of excavation water.","findings":[{"id":"usable-water-supply","name":"Usable water supply","description":"Record water available to the operation over time, separating fresh abstraction from recirculated flow.","questions":[{"text":"What fresh and recirculated flows are available during the proposed operating season, and how were they measured?","id":"usable-water-supply-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What supply shortfall or return-water condition would require the jet operation to pause or change?","id":"usable-water-supply-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"delivered-jet-conditions","name":"Delivered jet conditions","description":"Connects the supply system to conditions at the nozzle and excavation face.","findings":[{"id":"jet-performance-evidence","name":"Jet performance evidence","description":"Record nozzle configuration, delivered pressure and flow, and evidence that these conditions excavate the particular material.","questions":[{"text":"Where and under what operating conditions were pressure and flow measured, relative to the pump, supply line and nozzle?","id":"jet-performance-evidence-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What site observations or trials link nozzle configuration and stand-off distance to effective excavation of this deposit?","id":"jet-performance-evidence-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"face-excavation-and-exposure","name":"Face excavation and exposure","description":"Tracks how water jets change the excavation face and the exposure of people and equipment.","layers":[{"id":"material-response","name":"Material response","description":"Records the deposit's observed response to jet attack.","findings":[{"id":"erodibility-and-obstructions","name":"Erodibility and obstructions","description":"Capture differences in excavation response across layers, cemented zones and coarse inclusions.","questions":[{"text":"How do observed excavation rates vary with grain size, cohesion, cementation and material moisture condition?","id":"erodibility-and-obstructions-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How are resistant layers or oversized blocks handled, and when does that handling become a separate excavation activity?","id":"erodibility-and-obstructions-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"face-evolution","name":"Face evolution","description":"Relates excavation sequence and face changes to operational access and stop conditions.","findings":[{"id":"face-condition-and-controls","name":"Face condition and controls","description":"Record current face geometry, evidence of instability, occupied locations and the basis for operating restrictions.","questions":[{"text":"What dated observations show undercutting, cracking, slumping or changes in face geometry during jet operation?","id":"face-condition-and-controls-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which site-specific conditions require withdrawal, isolation or reassessment before excavation resumes?","id":"face-condition-and-controls-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"slurry-and-material-routing","name":"Slurry and material routing","description":"Follows the solids and water liberated at the excavation face to their next controlled destination.","layers":[{"id":"face-to-recovery-transport","name":"Face-to-recovery transport","description":"Records the route and capacity of channels, sumps or pipelines carrying excavated material.","findings":[{"id":"slurry-route-and-capacity","name":"Slurry route and capacity","description":"Connect excavation output to conveyance observations, including deposition, blockage and overflow.","questions":[{"text":"What route carries excavated solids from the face, and where are solids concentration, flow and accumulation observed?","id":"slurry-route-and-capacity-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What evidence shows that the route can accept the proposed excavation output without uncontrolled accumulation or overflow?","id":"slurry-route-and-capacity-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"recovery-and-residue-interfaces","name":"Recovery and residue interfaces","description":"Defines where hydraulic excavation hands material to separation and residue management.","findings":[{"id":"material-accounting","name":"Material accounting","description":"Distinguish excavated feed, recovered target material and residual solids while retaining links to downstream process models.","questions":[{"text":"At which point does responsibility pass from excavation and slurry transport to mineral recovery or residue management?","id":"material-accounting-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What measurements reconcile excavated solids with delivered feed, retained sediment and material leaving the operation?","id":"material-accounting-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"disturbance-and-operating-conditions","name":"Disturbance and operating conditions","description":"Connects water and sediment effects to documented operating and closure requirements.","layers":[{"id":"water-and-sediment-effects","name":"Water and sediment effects","description":"Identifies receiving environments, monitored pathways and potential contaminant transport.","findings":[{"id":"release-pathways-and-evidence","name":"Release pathways and evidence","description":"Record where process water and sediment can travel and distinguish demonstrated contaminants from untested possibilities.","questions":[{"text":"Which surface-water, groundwater or land pathways connect the excavation and containment system to receiving environments?","id":"release-pathways-and-evidence-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What baseline and operational measurements establish sediment releases or contaminants associated with this deposit and its processing history?","id":"release-pathways-and-evidence-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"operation-and-closure-decisions","name":"Operation and closure decisions","description":"Records the evidence and responsibilities needed to operate, suspend or close the activity.","findings":[{"id":"documented-decision-conditions","name":"Documented decision conditions","description":"Link operating decisions to applicable permissions, site controls and verifiable closure criteria.","questions":[{"text":"Which current documents establish the operation's water-use, excavation and discharge permissions and conditions?","id":"documented-decision-conditions-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What verified conditions allow operation or restart, and who is responsible for checking them?","id":"documented-decision-conditions-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"What evidence is required to accept the final face condition, drainage routes and remaining sediment as meeting closure requirements?","id":"documented-decision-conditions-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of hydraulic mining this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of hydraulic mining this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of hydraulic mining this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of hydraulic mining this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of hydraulic mining this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of hydraulic mining this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain hydraulic mining and its history, including its environmental legacy.","Monitor and report water use, sediment and slope stability at sites the agent is authorized to oversee."],"mustNot":["Operate high-pressure water jets near people or without the operator's safety controls.","Discharge sediment-laden or contaminated water into rivers without the required permits.","Assist mining in places where it is illegal, such as protected areas or unlicensed sites.","Hide environmental damage from regulators or affected communities."],"requiresHuman":["Starting or expanding hydraulic mining at a site."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Hydraulic mining has buried rivers and farmland and caused mercury pollution.","Illegal mining often harms indigenous lands and endangers workers."],"affectedParties":["Downstream communities","Mine workers","River ecosystems"]},"owners":{"steward":"The licensed mine operator; mining and environmental authorities regulate it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["National mining cadastres and permit registers"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q306093","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.hydraulic-mining","Wikidata: Q3062592 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3062592)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Excavation configuration: Exposed-face jet excavation; borehole jet excavation pending scope decision; mixed method; unresolved","Deposit and target: Links to the excavated deposit, host material and sought mineral or material","Material erodibility evidence: Site test; operational observation; laboratory test; inferred; unknown, with material condition recorded","Jet delivery conditions: Pressure in kPa or MPa and flow in L/s or m³/s, with measurement location and time","Excavation-face geometry: Face height and jet stand-off in m; face inclination in degrees; dated survey reference","Excavation throughput: Dry solids in t/h or in-situ volume in m³/h, with basis and averaging period","Slurry solids concentration: Mass fraction or volume fraction, explicitly identified at a named sampling point","Water balance: Abstraction, return, recirculation, discharge and storage change in m³ per stated interval","Discharge condition: Contained; intentionally discharged; uncontrolled release; unverified, with monitoring evidence","Operating status: Proposed; preparing; excavating; paused; suspended; closing; closed"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Classify an observed extraction activity by the actual role of its water jets.","Compare proposed jet conditions with site-specific excavation evidence and water availability.","Trace excavated solids and process water from the face to recovery, containment or discharge.","Identify missing observations and unmet conditions before recommending a start, continuation or restart.","Relate changes in face geometry, slurry handling or discharge to the need for reassessment.","Assess closure evidence for water pathways, remaining sediment and disturbed excavation faces."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["High-pressure water and failed pressure equipment can cause severe injury and damage nearby structures.","Excavation can destabilize slopes and banks, exposing people and equipment to collapse.","Sediment and mobilized contaminants can degrade waterways and harm aquatic ecosystems.","Loss of slurry containment can flood or bury downstream land and infrastructure."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The Clean Water Act, enacted by the United States Congress and administered principally by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers, applies to regulated discharges from hydraulic mining into covered waters."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Hydraulic mining is used where water jets can break up mineral-bearing deposits and move the loosened material toward recovery equipment.","It is encountered in placer mining and some operations that rework deposited mine material.","Its suitability depends on deposit characteristics, water availability, slurry handling and environmental constraints."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q3062592: hydraulic mining","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3062592","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Hydraulic mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_mining","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does the registry intend hydraulic mining to cover borehole and underground water-jet extraction, or primarily exposed-face excavation?","Does an existing Vercy world model already own this activity or a sufficiently equivalent concept?","Which authoritative sources establish the method's boundaries relative to hydraulic stripping, dredging and sluicing?","Which deposit-specific observations are sufficient to assess erodibility and face behaviour without implying universal operating thresholds?","Which environmental and closure characteristics apply across configurations, and which require jurisdiction-specific or site-specific extensions?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q3062592/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q3062592/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T10:21:46Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"not-applicable","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:29+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.","interaction.recognition":"Hydraulic mining is a procedure rather than an object with an intrinsic visual identity, although its equipment and effects can be observed."},"score":1.0}}