{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.citrus-sinensis","code":"thing-q3355098","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q3355098/","name":"Citrus sinensis","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.LIV"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck is a vegetatively propagated, typically diploid (2n = 18) citrus crop in Rutaceae that originated as an ancient mandarin × pummelo hybrid in southern China and is grown worldwide for sweet, low-bitterness fruit used fresh and for juice.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise Citrus sinensis, assess a sweet orange plant and its attached crop, and determine evidence-based options for care, propagation and harvest.","scope":{"in":["Sweet orange identification, taxonomic interpretation and cultivar evidence","Individual plant establishment, canopy condition and reproductive development","Attribution of shoots and fruit to scion or rootstock","Water, nutrition and temperature exposure relevant to the observed plant","Attached fruit development, maturity and suitability for intended harvest","Evidence and prerequisites for care, propagation and plant movement"],"out":["Independent models of mandarins, sour oranges, grapefruit and other citrus hybrids","Rootstock taxa and their complete biological descriptions","Pathogen and pest biology beyond their relationship to the plant","Orchard business operations, irrigation infrastructure and land ownership","Detached fruit storage, juice manufacture and food product compliance"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Compare mature fruit shape, rind adherence and pulp character with a botanical description: sweet orange commonly has globose fruit with adherent peel and sweet or subacid pulp; this combination supports identification but does not establish it alone. [World Flora Online](https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001249323)","When separating sweet orange from sour orange, record mature pulp bitterness and acidity alongside leaf and petiole characters and authenticated planting provenance; leave identification provisional if evidence conflicts.","When separating sweet orange from mandarins or tangors, combine rind adherence and fruit form with cultivar provenance; orange appearance alone cannot exclude a hybrid such as Dweet tangor. [UCR Dweet tangor](https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc3018)","Trace the sampled shoot or fruit-bearing branch to its origin relative to the graft union before attributing it to sweet orange; record the scion and rootstock separately. [UF/IFAS rootstock and scion selection](https://ask.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1308)"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"sweet-orange-identity","name":"Sweet orange identity","description":"Evidence that the observed plant belongs to the registered sweet orange concept.","layers":[{"id":"taxonomic-and-cultivar-attribution","name":"Taxonomic and cultivar attribution","description":"Connect the registry concept to the name and cultivated material actually observed.","findings":[{"id":"supported-sweet-orange-determination","name":"Supported sweet orange determination","description":"Require an explicit identification basis while retaining uncertain names and cultivar assignments.","questions":[{"text":"Which botanical treatment defines Citrus sinensis for this determination, and how does its usage map to vr.tr.citrus-sinensis?","id":"supported-sweet-orange-determination-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What nursery, accession or mother-plant evidence supports the stated sweet orange cultivar?","id":"supported-sweet-orange-determination-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"citrus-lookalike-separation","name":"Citrus lookalike separation","description":"Compare fruit and vegetative evidence with plausible alternative citrus identities.","findings":[{"id":"concordant-identification-evidence","name":"Concordant identification evidence","description":"Assess several characters together and preserve disagreements between morphology and provenance.","questions":[{"text":"What rind adherence, fruit shape, pulp character and leaf-petiole features were observed on the same attributed plant?","id":"concordant-identification-evidence-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which observations exclude sour orange, mandarin or a tangor, and which alternatives remain unresolved?","id":"concordant-identification-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"propagation-and-graft-composition","name":"Propagation and graft composition","description":"Represent how the plant was produced and which tissues belong to which component.","layers":[{"id":"plant-material-lineage","name":"Plant material lineage","description":"Trace the seed, cutting or budwood through establishment of the observed plant.","findings":[{"id":"traceable-propagation-material","name":"Traceable propagation material","description":"Record propagation history without assuming that a seed-derived plant reproduces a named cultivar.","questions":[{"text":"Was this plant raised from seed, a cutting or grafted budwood, and what source records survive?","id":"traceable-propagation-material-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What evidence is needed before this plant can supply material represented as the named cultivar?","id":"traceable-propagation-material-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"graft-union-and-shoot-origin","name":"Graft union and shoot origin","description":"Locate the graft and attribute canopy growth, suckers and samples.","findings":[{"id":"resolved-scion-rootstock-boundary","name":"Resolved scion-rootstock boundary","description":"Keep component identity and graft condition explicit when interpreting growth or planning pruning.","questions":[{"text":"Where is the graft union, and does each suspect shoot originate above or below it?","id":"resolved-scion-rootstock-boundary-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What swelling, cracking, injury or differential growth is visible at the union?","id":"resolved-scion-rootstock-boundary-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"seasonal-growth-and-root-environment","name":"Seasonal growth and root environment","description":"Relate the plant's developmental stage to water, nutrition and temperature observations.","layers":[{"id":"flush-and-flowering-sequence","name":"Flush and flowering sequence","description":"Track vegetative flushes and reproductive events on dated plant observations.","findings":[{"id":"dated-developmental-state","name":"Dated developmental state","description":"Distinguish juvenile growth, current flowering and fruit-bearing cohorts without forcing one stage for the entire tree.","questions":[{"text":"Which canopy sectors show new flush, flowers or fruit, and when did each cohort begin?","id":"dated-developmental-state-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which locally supported cultivar observations provide the comparison for delayed flowering or weak growth?","id":"dated-developmental-state-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"root-zone-and-weather-exposure","name":"Root zone and weather exposure","description":"Connect water supply, substrate conditions and temperature exposure to observed performance.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-for-growing-condition-adjustment","name":"Evidence for growing-condition adjustment","description":"Require measurements and a plant-specific reference before selecting irrigation, nutrient or protective changes.","questions":[{"text":"What root-zone moisture, drainage, salinity, nutrient-test and temperature evidence accompanies the observed growth problem?","id":"evidence-for-growing-condition-adjustment-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which adjustment is justified for this scion-rootstock combination, and what observation will establish whether it helped?","id":"evidence-for-growing-condition-adjustment-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"attached-orange-crop","name":"Attached orange crop","description":"Represent fruit cohorts from set through a supported harvest decision.","layers":[{"id":"fruit-set-and-retention","name":"Fruit set and retention","description":"Follow the abundance, growth and loss of attached fruit.","findings":[{"id":"attributed-fruit-cohort","name":"Attributed fruit cohort","description":"Associate fruit observations with flowering cohort, canopy location and scion identity.","questions":[{"text":"Which flowering cohort and scion branches produced the observed fruit?","id":"attributed-fruit-cohort-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How have fruit count, diameter and drop changed between dated observations using the same sampling basis?","id":"attributed-fruit-cohort-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"internal-maturity-and-harvest","name":"Internal maturity and harvest","description":"Judge a defined fruit cohort against explicit requirements for its intended use.","findings":[{"id":"supported-harvest-readiness","name":"Supported harvest readiness","description":"Combine representative internal measurements, fruit condition and cultivar context; record peel colour as a separate observation.","questions":[{"text":"What soluble solids, titratable acidity, juice yield and defects occur in a representative sample of this cohort?","id":"supported-harvest-readiness-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which cultivar- and use-specific criteria support harvesting now, waiting or excluding affected fruit?","id":"supported-harvest-readiness-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"citrus-health-and-intervention","name":"Citrus health and intervention","description":"Translate observed injury and diagnostic evidence into justified care and material-handling decisions.","layers":[{"id":"symptoms-and-causal-evidence","name":"Symptoms and causal evidence","description":"Record canopy, fruit and root-collar symptoms separately from proposed explanations.","findings":[{"id":"qualified-health-assessment","name":"Qualified health assessment","description":"Preserve differential explanations and the sampling limits of any diagnostic result.","questions":[{"text":"What leaf mottling, chlorosis, shoot dieback, fruit distortion or root-collar injury is present, and how is it distributed?","id":"qualified-health-assessment-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which examination or laboratory result supports the proposed cause, and which sampled tissues and dates does it cover?","id":"qualified-health-assessment-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"care-and-material-release","name":"Care and material release","description":"Connect the assessed condition to intervention, follow-up and propagation or movement prerequisites.","findings":[{"id":"justified-intervention-or-hold","name":"Justified intervention or hold","description":"Require an action rationale, applicable external constraints and a way to evaluate the outcome.","questions":[{"text":"Does the evidence justify monitoring, corrective care, targeted pruning or specialist diagnosis, and what follow-up will test that decision?","id":"justified-intervention-or-hold-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What source-health evidence and current destination requirements must be satisfied before this plant or its budwood is propagated or moved?","id":"justified-intervention-or-hold-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Citrus sinensis this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Citrus sinensis this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Citrus sinensis this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Citrus sinensis this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Citrus sinensis this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Citrus sinensis this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Citrus sinensis this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Citrus sinensis this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify sweet orange trees and report cultivation and plant health advice from horticultural sources.","Report quarantine rules for citrus pests and diseases in a stated area."],"mustNot":["Move citrus plants, budwood or fruit across borders or quarantine zones against the rules.","Recommend unapproved pesticides or use near harvest.","Present orange products as a cure for disease."],"requiresHuman":["Applying plant protection products or removing infected trees."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Citrus diseases spread by moving plants can ruin growers' livelihoods.","Orange picking and processing rely on workers whose conditions are often poor."],"affectedParties":["Growers","Farm workers","Consumers"]},"owners":{"steward":"The grower or landowner where it grows.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["National and global plant species databases","Plant variety registers"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q904653","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.citrus-sinensis","Wikidata: Q3355098 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355098)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Identity determination: unassessed | provisional | supported | conflicting","Cultivar or selection: documented cultivar or selection name | unknown","Propagation provenance: source nursery, mother plant or seed lot; propagation method and date","Scion-rootstock association: own-rooted | grafted with identified rootstock | grafted with unknown rootstock | unknown","Sampled shoot origin: above graft union | below graft union | own-rooted growth | unresolved","Phenological state: juvenile, vegetative flush, flowering, fruit set, fruit expansion, maturation; concurrent states allowed","Canopy injury extent: percent canopy affected, with symptom, observation date and estimation method","Root-zone moisture: volumetric water content (%) or soil water tension (kPa), with depth and method","Temperature exposure: degrees Celsius and exposure duration in hours","Fruit soluble solids: degrees Brix, with sample size, fruit cohort and method","Fruit titratable acidity: percent citric acid equivalent, with analytical method","Diagnostic evidence status: not assessed | symptoms recorded | testing pending | agent detected | agent not detected | inconclusive"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["An evergreen tree with glossy oval leaves and fragrant white flowers.","Round orange fruit with a dimpled oily peel."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Identify a candidate sweet orange plant and select observations needed to resolve uncertainty.","Monitor canopy, flowering and attached fruit cohorts against cultivar and site expectations.","Choose and document irrigation, nutrition or temperature protection actions using measured conditions.","Assess whether a particular shoot is suitable for retention, pruning or propagation.","Evaluate an attached fruit cohort for harvest using internal quality measurements and intended use.","Determine whether propagation or movement prerequisites are satisfied, unresolved or require specialist review."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Thorns and woody branches can injure people or damage equipment during contact.","Infected propagation material can spread citrus diseases and cause substantial orchard losses.","Waterlogging, drought and frost can damage roots, reduce yields or kill plants.","Misidentification of pests or nutritional problems can lead to inappropriate treatment and environmental harm."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["ISPM 36, Integrated measures for plants for planting, issued by the International Plant Protection Convention's Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, applies to phytosanitary risk management for nursery plants intended for international movement."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Sweet orange plants are cultivated in orchards, nurseries and gardens in climates suitable for citrus production.","They supply fruit for fresh consumption and juice, while nursery plants support propagation and orchard establishment.","Plant assessment supports decisions about irrigation, nutrition, disease management and harvest readiness."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25447","note":"Hybrid origin from mandarin and pummelo, southern China domestication, and placement of sweet orange among cultivated citrus"},{"title":"The botany of Citrus and its wild relatives of the orange subfamily, in The Citrus Industry, Vol. 1","url":"","note":"Botanical circumscription of Citrus sinensis, distinction from bitter orange and mandarin, and cultivated-group morphology"},{"title":"UNECE Standard FFV-14 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of citrus fruit","url":"","note":"Commercial classes, juice-content minima, sizing, and how oranges are graded in international fresh trade"},{"title":"Standard for Oranges (CXS 245-2003)","url":"","note":"Codex identity and quality provisions for sweet oranges as a traded food commodity"},{"title":"ISO 3140, Essential oil of sweet orange expressed [Citrus sinensis (L.)]","url":"","note":"Identity of cold-pressed sweet-orange peel oil as a standardised product of this species"},{"title":"Wikidata item Q3355098: Citrus sinensis","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355098","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Citrus × sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_%C3%97_sinensis","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which taxonomic authority and concept boundary should govern Citrus sinensis when botanical treatments use different hybrid names or circumscriptions?","Which validated combination of morphological, provenance and molecular evidence best separates sweet orange from its closest cultivated lookalikes?","What cultivar-, rootstock- and site-specific reference ranges support judgments of growth, water stress, nutrition and temperature injury?","Which sampling protocols and internal maturity thresholds should govern harvest decisions for each cultivar and intended use?","Which locally relevant pests, diseases, diagnostic methods and plant-material movement requirements must be linked before operational use?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q3355098/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q3355098/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T11:37:32Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 3 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}